Age-related inflammation and insulin resistance: a review of their intricate interdependency

Abstract

Chronic inflammation is a major risk factor underlying aging and the associated diseases of aging; of particular interest is insulin resistance during aging. Chronic inflammation impairs normal lipid accumulation, adipose tissue function, mitochondrial function, and causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which lead to insulin resistance. However, some studies show that insulin resistance itself amplifies chronic inflammation. The activity of the insulin-dependent Akt signaling pathway is highlighted because of its decrease in insulin-sensitive organs, like liver and muscle, which may underlie insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, and its increased levels in non-metabolic organs, such as kidney and aorta. In that the prevalence of obesity has increased substantially for all age groups in recent years, our review summarizes the data showing the involvement of chronic inflammation in obesity-induced insulin resistance, which perpetuates reciprocal interactions between the chronic inflammatory process and increased adiposity, thereby accelerating the aging process.

Ubiquitin‐Specific Peptidase 10 (USP10) Inhibits Hepatic Steatosis, Insulin Resistance, and Inflammation Through Sirt6

“…In contrast, USP10 deficiency aggravated HFD‐induced inflammation. The increased pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels inhibit insulin signaling and induce insulin resistance . After chronic HFD treatment, the activation of IRS1‐AKT activates PEPCK and G6Pase to promote gluconeogenesis and in turn facilitates hepatic lipogenesis .…”

“…The increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels inhibit insulin signaling and induce insulin resistance. (21)(22)(23)(24) After chronic HFD treatment, the activation of IRS1-AKT activates PEPCK and G6Pase to promote gluconeogenesis and in turn facilitates hepatic lipogenesis. (25,26) Using liver-specific USP10 deficiency and overexpression mice, we demonstrated that USP10 could significantly ameliorate insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance and enhance insulin signaling.…”

Isohumulones from hops (Humulus lupulus) and their potential role in medical nutrition therapy

“…These data suggest that isohumulones may reduce the activation of specific pattern recognition receptors on target tissues such as the gastrointestinal mucosal cells thereby reducing the triggering of the proinflammatory immune response which is associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and obesity [60,61].…”

“…Over the past decade the interrelationship between the inflammatory and insulin signaling pathways has been elucidated [41]. In vitro assays with murine 3T3L1 adipocytes as well diabetic animal models indicated that the antiinflammatory effects of the isohumulones were associated with the improvement in insulin signaling [42,43].…”

Sarcopenia and frailty in older patients with diabetes mellitus

“…Insulin resistance increases with aging, and is involved in several underlying mechanisms of sarcopenia induction. 5 Insulin is a catabolic hormone, which stimulates protein synthesis including that in muscle. Defects in insulin signaling can lead to reduced muscle synthesis.…”