Age-related differences in BOLD modulation to cognitive control costs in a multitasking paradigm: Global switch, local switch, and compatibility-switch costs
“…In particular, since the semantic task placed additional demands on working memory functions that were required to compare the degree of semantic affinity between the new and old pictures, we speculate that the beneficial effect of musical expertise might be less pronounced in tasks that place particular emphasis on working memory capacity. Such a perspective is compatible with previous work showing that older adults have more difficulties than younger adults in working memory tasks, and generally exhibit activation patterns reflecting signs of inefficiency in brain regions supporting executive functions (Allen, Lien, Ruthruff, & Voss, 2014;Nashiro, Qin, O'Connell, & Basak, 2018). Finally, it is noteworthy to mention that currently it is an open question whether experience and expertise in different domains might decelerate cognitive decline during aging.…”
Word learning is a multifaceted perceptual and cognitive task that is omnipresent in everyday life. Currently, it is unclear whether this ability is influenced by age, musical expertise or both variables. Accordingly, we used EEG and compared behavioral and electrophysiological indices of word learning between older adults with and without musical expertise (older adults' perspective) as well as between musically trained and untrained children, young adults, and older adults (lifespan perspective). Results of the older adults' perspective showed that the ability to learn new words is preserved in elderly, however, without a beneficial influence of musical expertise. Otherwise, results of the lifespan perspective revealed lower error rates and faster reaction times in young adults compared to children and older adults. Furthermore, musically trained children and young adults outperformed participants without musical expertise, and this advantage was accompanied by EEG manifestations reflecting faster learning and neural facilitation in accessing lexical-semantic representations.
“…In particular, since the semantic task placed additional demands on working memory functions that were required to compare the degree of semantic affinity between the new and old pictures, we speculate that the beneficial effect of musical expertise might be less pronounced in tasks that place particular emphasis on working memory capacity. Such a perspective is compatible with previous work showing that older adults have more difficulties than younger adults in working memory tasks, and generally exhibit activation patterns reflecting signs of inefficiency in brain regions supporting executive functions (Allen, Lien, Ruthruff, & Voss, 2014;Nashiro, Qin, O'Connell, & Basak, 2018). Finally, it is noteworthy to mention that currently it is an open question whether experience and expertise in different domains might decelerate cognitive decline during aging.…”
Word learning is a multifaceted perceptual and cognitive task that is omnipresent in everyday life. Currently, it is unclear whether this ability is influenced by age, musical expertise or both variables. Accordingly, we used EEG and compared behavioral and electrophysiological indices of word learning between older adults with and without musical expertise (older adults' perspective) as well as between musically trained and untrained children, young adults, and older adults (lifespan perspective). Results of the older adults' perspective showed that the ability to learn new words is preserved in elderly, however, without a beneficial influence of musical expertise. Otherwise, results of the lifespan perspective revealed lower error rates and faster reaction times in young adults compared to children and older adults. Furthermore, musically trained children and young adults outperformed participants without musical expertise, and this advantage was accompanied by EEG manifestations reflecting faster learning and neural facilitation in accessing lexical-semantic representations.
“…2 depicts the percent signal change for the three types of cognitive control (global switch costs, local switch costs, and compatibility costs) for both left insula (A, B and C) and bilateral frontal pole/SFG (D, E, and F). The statistical results associated with these figures are reported in the main manuscript [1] . Fig.…”
Section: Experimental Design Materials and Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The data analyses shared here include both behavioral and neuroimaging findings on age-related differences in cognitive control from a task switching paradigm [1] . The behavioral data is restricted to accuracy and the fMRI neuroimaging results are regarding brain activations.…”
Section: Datamentioning
confidence: 99%
“… The data presented in this article is related to the research article entitled “Age-related Differences in BOLD Modulation to Cognitive Control Costs in a Multitasking Paradigm: Global Switch, Local Switch, and Compatibility-Switch Costs” (Nashiro et al, 2018) [1] . This article describes age-related differences in accuracies for various cognitive costs incurred during task switching across three different age-cohorts: younger (18–35 years), younger-old (50–64 years) and older-old (65–80 years).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Data source location Dallas, TX, USA Data accessibility Analyzed data is provided in this article. Related research article This data in brief article was submitted as a companion paper to a research article [1] . …”
The data presented in this article is related to the research article entitled “Age-related Differences in BOLD Modulation to Cognitive Control Costs in a Multitasking Paradigm: Global Switch, Local Switch, and Compatibility-Switch Costs” (Nashiro et al., 2018) [1]. This article describes age-related differences in accuracies for various cognitive costs incurred during task switching across three different age-cohorts: younger (18–35 years), younger-old (50–64 years) and older-old (65–80 years). The cognitive costs evaluated were global switch costs (GSC), local switch costs (LSC) and compatibility switch costs (CSC). Whole brain analyses were conducted to determine the brain regions sensitive to these cognitive costs, irrespective of age. Furthermore, age-related differences in brain-behavior relationships were evaluated by correlating activations from these regions with global switch costs, indexed by both response times and accuracies, for younger and older adults separately. Activations of age-sensitive regions during the task, where younger adults activated more than the combined groups of older adults, were also correlated with response times and accuracies to determine age-related differences in brain-behavior relationships of these under-recruited brain regions by older adults.
Cognitive decline with aging and dementia is especially poignant with regard to the executive functioning that is necessary for activities of daily independent living. The relationship between age‐related neurodegeneration in the prefrontal cortex and executive functioning has been uniquely investigated using task‐phase functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to detect brain activity in response to stimuli; however, a comprehensive list of task designs that have been implemented to task‐phase fMRI is absent in the literature. The purpose of this review was to recognize what methods have been used to study executive functions with aging and dementia in fMRI tasks, and to describe and categorize them. The following cognitive subdomains were emphasized: cognitive flexibility, planning and decision‐making, working memory, cognitive control/inhibition, semantic processing, attention and concentration, emotional functioning, and multitasking. Over 30 different task‐phase fMRI designs were found to have been implemented in the literature, all adopted from standard neuropsychological assessments. Cognitive set‐shifting and decision‐making tasks were particularly well studied in regard to age‐related neurodegeneration, while emotional functioning and multitasking designs were found to be the least utilized. Summarizing the information on which tasks have shown the greatest usability will assist in the future design and implementation of effective fMRI experiments targeting executive functioning.
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