Age-Related Differences in Arm and Trunk Responses to First and Repeated Exposure to Laterally Induced Imbalances

Akinlosotu, Ruth Y.; Alissa, Nesreen; Sorkin, John D.; Wittenberg, George F.; Westlake, Kelly P.

doi:10.3390/brainsci10090574

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…In another study, the effect of perturbation-based balance training was primarily reported in results showing that after several sudden backward translations of the support base body equilibrium was recovered faster than observed in the initial perturbations (Horak, et al, 1989). Further investigations have shown that perturbation-based balance training leads to decreased incidence of stepping and of number and/or length of steps (McIlroy & Maki, 1995), and reduced amplitude of arms and trunk displacement (Akinlosotu, et al, 2020) in balance recovery following mediolateral perturbations. Particularly when using random schedules, training reactive responses have led to decreased hip angular velocity (Krause et al, 2018), decreased amplitude of arm abduction and improved stability margin over the moving feet (Hurt, et al, 2011), in addition to reduced frequency of compensatory multi-stepping and foot collisions (Mansfield, et al, 2010; Takazono et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Judokas Show Increased Resilience to Unpredictable Stance Perturbations

et al. 2022

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Combat sports are characterized by frequent large-scale stance perturbations that may lead to falls. In the present investigation, we compared compensatory arm and leg movements in response to unpredictable stance perturbations between judokas and other athletes whose sports present reduced balance demand, relative to combat sports. Specifically, we tested judokas ( n = 9), and a group of swimmers and runners ( n = 11, controls) in sudden support base displacements in the mediolateral direction, generated by a movable electronic platform, in the following modes: (a) rotation, (b) translation, and (c) combined rotation-translation. The platform was displaced to either side, in three peak velocities (cm/second or o/second) of 20 (low), 30 (moderate), or 40 (high), resulting in 18 distinct perturbations. We evaluated postural responses with a scale for analyzing the stability of compensatory arm and leg movements (CALM). Results showed that, in the most challenging perturbations, judokas had higher stability scores (arm, leg, and global) than did the comparison group. Higher scores for judokas reflected their increased rate of motionless arm and leg responses and absence of near-falls, compared to 30% falls in the most challenging perturbations for the swimmers and runners. As a practical application, judo training may help achieve stable compensatory limb movements in a way that parallels the benefits obtained from perturbation-based balance training in laboratory settings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Judokas Show Increased Resilience to Unpredictable Stance Perturbations

et al. 2022

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“…For this study, we analysed only the first trip, as subsequent trips may contain habituation effects (Akinlosotu et al, 2020; Pijnappels et al, 2010). Tripping responses were classified by visual inspection of 3D kinematics by two independent observers (LHS & SMB) into 1) lowering strategy, 2) successful elevating strategy, 3) unsuccessful elevating strategy.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the role of the arms in recovering from a perturbation has mostly been studied in young adults, this role may change with increasing age(Akinlosotu et al, 2020; Merrill et al, 2017; Roos et al, 2008). It has been suggested that, after tripping over an obstacle, older adults exhibit a more protective arm strategy, by reaching both arms forward in anticipation of impacting the floor, rather than using the arms to prevent themselves from falling (Roos et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of arm movements to balance recovery after tripping in older adults

Bruijn

Sloot

Kingma

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Falls are common in daily life, and our arms play an important role in recovering balance after a trip. Although older adults fall more often with more serious consequence, there is limited research into arm movements during falls in older adults. We investigated how older adults use their arms to recover from a trip and the difference between fallers and non-fallers. Sixteen older participants walked along a walkway and were occasionally tripped using a custom tripping device. A biomechanical model used full-body marker and force-plate data to calculate the body rotation during the trip, and simulated the rotation without arms (Cut) and with transfer of the arms momentum to the body (Transfer & Cut). We only analysed the first trip, distinguishing fallers (n=5) from non-fallers (n=11). Apart from an expected increase in forward body rotation at foot touchdown in fallers, we found no significant differences between fallers and non-fallers in the effects of arm movements on trip recovery. Like earlier studies in young participants, we found that arm movements had most favourable effect in the transversal plane: by delaying the transfer of angular momentum of the arms to the body, participants rotated the tripped leg more forward thereby allowing more room for a larger recovery step. Older adults that are prone to falling might improve their recovery from a trip by learning to [further] prolong ongoing arm movement.

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“…Moreover, the trunk angle at foot contact was also reported to be one of the principal mechanisms by which balance recovery is adapted with repeated exposure to balance perturbations [ 41 , 42 ]. It was found that older adults participating in Perturbation Based Balance Training programs led to a significant reduction in the maximum trunk angle during balance recovery [ 34 , 43 ]. Reducing trunk rotations will have a significant effect in bringing the CoM of the body within stability limits provided by the feet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Elliptical Perturbation System that provides unexpected perturbations during elliptical walking (the EPES system)

Sade,

Pickholz,

Melzer

et al. 2023

J NeuroEngineering Rehabil

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Background ‘Perturbation-based balance training’ (PBBT) is a training method that was developed to improve balance reactive responses to unexpected balance loss. This training method is more effective in reducing fall rates than traditional balance training methods. Many PBBTs are performed during standing or treadmill walking which targeted specifically step reactive responses, we however, aimed to develop and build a mechatronic system that can provide unexpected perturbation during elliptical walking the Elliptical Perturbation System (the EPES system), with the aim of improving specifically the trunk and upper limbs balance reactive control. Methods This paper describes the development, and building of the EPES system, using a stationary Elliptical Exercise device, which allows training of trunk and upper limbs balance reactive responses in older adults. Results The EPES system provides 3-dimensional small, controlled, and unpredictable sudden perturbations during stationary elliptical walking. We developed software that can identify a trainee’s trunk and arms reactive balance responses using a stereo camera. After identifying an effective trunk and arms reactive balance response, the software controls the EPES system motors to return the system to its horizontal baseline position after the perturbation. The system thus provides closed-loop feedback for a person’s counterbalancing trunk and arm responses, helping to implement implicit motor learning for the trainee. The pilot results show that the EPES software can successfully identify balance reactive responses among participants who are exposed to a sudden unexpected perturbation during elliptical walking on the EPES system. Conclusions EPES trigger reactive balance responses involving counter-rotation action of body segments and simultaneously evoke arms, and trunk reactive response, thus reactive training effects should be expected.

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Age-Related Differences in Arm and Trunk Responses to First and Repeated Exposure to Laterally Induced Imbalances

Cited by 6 publications

References 49 publications

Judokas Show Increased Resilience to Unpredictable Stance Perturbations

Judokas Show Increased Resilience to Unpredictable Stance Perturbations

Contribution of arm movements to balance recovery after tripping in older adults

Development of an Elliptical Perturbation System that provides unexpected perturbations during elliptical walking (the EPES system)

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