Age-related Decline in Forest Ecosystem Growth: An Individual-Tree, Stand-Structure Hypothesis

Binkley, Dan; Stape, José Luiz; Ryan, Michael G.; Barnard, H. R.; Fownes, James H.

doi:10.1007/s10021-001-0055-7

Cited by 246 publications

(215 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Tree foliage biomass increased with tree age reaching 29 kg tree -1 when trees were 19 years old, whereas its contribution to total tree biomass decreased from 11% to 6% and 4% at 5, 10 and 19 years old, respectively, a decreasing trend showed also in other studies (Pérez Cordero & Kanninen 2003, Kumar 2009). Stand foliage biomass also decreased from 9.7 Mg ha -1 in the fifth year to 4.4 Mg ha -1 at age 19, which could be related to declining stand growth capacity ("age-related decline in productivity" - Gower et al 1996, Ryan et al 1997, Binkley et al 2002. This also coincides with the declining trend shown between leaf biomass and tree spacing (OlaAdams 1993), as tree spacing increases with age in the sampled plantations due to the thinning regimen.…”

Section: Aboveground Biomass Allocationmentioning

confidence: 61%

Nutrient accumulation and export in teak (Tectona grandis l.f.) plantations of Central America

Fernández-Moya¹,

Murillo²,

Portuguez³

et al. 2015

iForest

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© iForest -Biogeosciences and Forestry IntroductionDue to growing needs for timber and wood products, forest plantations have increased around the world and have gained economical relevance. At the same time there has been an increase in concerns regarding the sustainability of planted forests, especially those managed under a regime of short rotations (Nambiar 1995). In particular, the relationship between forest nutrition and sustainable timber production has become an important issue for the management of less studied species in countries such as Costa Rica and China , Arias et al. 2011, Qiong et al. 2011.Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) plantations have been widely established in Central America, initially in Costa Rica and Panama (De Camino et al. 2002) (Pandey & Brown 2000, De Camino et al. 2002. In this kind of short-rotation, intensively-managed forest plantations, nutrient management is a key issue for attaining sustainability and maintaining yields for future rotations (Poels 1994, Evans & Turnbull 2004. Appropriate knowledge regarding teak nutrition is required to improve plantation management and to attain high productivity and sustainability. Nutrient accumulation increases with the stand's age, mainly due to biomass accumulation; however, nutrient uptake during early years is considered crucial to sustain the high growth rates and the rapid expansion of both crown and roots required to maintain an appropriate nutritional status throughout the entire rotation length (Miller 1981, Laclau et al. 2003. In general, foliage is the tree tissue with the highest nutrient concentration and it is considered to contain 20-40% of total stand nutrients, while tree stems are assumed to have relatively low concentrations of nutrients (Miller 1984(Miller , 1995. However, the high amount of biomass accumulated in the tree stem makes it an important sink of nutrients. As a consequence, the loss of nutrients through wood removal at harvesting is a major cause of impoverishment of forest sites (Fölster & Khanna 1997, Worrel & Hampson 1997. While N, P and Mg are mainly accumulated in the tree stem, bark and roots are considered to be Ca sinks (Nwoboshi 1984). Nutrient uptake depends mainly on the species' demand and its ability to access nutrients, as well as the potential of the site (especially the soil) to supply nutrients. In calcareous soils in India, the most absorbed nutrients by teak were Ca > K > N > Mg > P = S (Negi et al. 1995), while they were K > N > Ca >> Mg ≥ P in less fertile soils in Africa (Nwoboshi 1984) and N > Ca > K > Mg > P > Na > S > Cl in a different study site in India ).In order to understand the relationship between soil and forest nutrition, it has been long recognized that it is first necessary to evaluate the quantities of nutrients taken up by the growing forest and removed from the site during timber extraction (Rennie 1955). However, Fölster & Khanna (1997) pointed out a traditional and general lack of concern of this problem in planted forests. Soil-plant relation research in agricultu...

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Section: Aboveground Biomass Allocationmentioning

confidence: 61%

Nutrient accumulation and export in teak (Tectona grandis l.f.) plantations of Central America

Fernández-Moya¹,

Murillo²,

Portuguez³

et al. 2015

iForest

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“…The decrement of the intensity of the competition is due to the fact that the death of old and large trees may exceed the capability of lateral growth of surviving crowns and ingrowth in overmature stands (Zeide, 1995). There are also other ecophysiological explanations for the age-related decline of radial growth (Binkley et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stand and coarse woody debris dynamics in subalpine Norway spruce forests withdrawn from regular management

et al. 2010

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Abstract• We studied structural characteristics, amount and quality of coarse woody debris (CWD), intensity of competition and mortality in two subalpine Norway spruce stands withdrawn from regular management. The stands, that we measured twice (in 1993 and 2005), have similar age and structure, but a different time has elapsed since the last silvicultural treatments (respectively 22 and about 55 y).• The main purposes were to analyze the current stage of development as compared to the old-growth one and to highlight the legacies of past management.• Although relatively old, the first plot (Valbona 1) was at the end of the pole stage. CWD was low in volume and was mainly of man-made origin (stumps). A recent thinning from below has reduced density-dependent competition and delayed the development of old-growth characteristics. The second plot (Valbona 2a) was at the beginning of the transition stage, with density-dependent and allogenic mortality both active at the same time. CWD volume was higher in plot Valbona 2a than in Valbona 1, but neither was comparable yet to the reference old-growth sites from Central Europe, both in quantity and in quality (e.g., decay rate continuity).• The effects of the past management were: (1) reducing the quality and quantity of the CWD, (2) alleviating competition, (3) increasing resistance to minor disturbances and, as a consequence, (4) delaying the development processes.• In mature or overmature subalpine Norway spruce stands withdrawn from regular management many decades are necessary to develop old-growth characteristics and a longer period of time is necessary to reach a true old-growth stage.

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“…Although not yet analyzed for mangrove forests, the factors that determine the dependence of net productivity on age have been widely discussed over the past 20 years for terrestrial forests (Ryan et al 2004, Smith and Long 2001, Binkley et al 2002. In summary, Smith and Long (2001) show that the peaks of gross and net productivity of a forest occur when it reaches maximum leaf cover.…”

Section: Age and Successional Stagementioning

confidence: 99%

Global patterns of aboveground carbon stock and sequestration in mangroves

Estrada

Soares

2017

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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In order to contribute to understand the factors that control the provisioning of the ecosystem service of carbon storage by mangroves, data on carbon stock and sequestration in the aboveground biomass (AGB) from 73 articles were averaged and tested for the dependence on latitude, climatic parameters, physiographic types and age. Global means of carbon stock (78.0 ± 64.5 tC.ha -1 ) and sequestration (2.9 ± 2.2 tC.ha -1 .yr -1 ) showed that mangroves are among the forest ecosystems with greater capacity of carbon storage in AGB per area. On the global scale, carbon stock increases toward the equator (R²=0.22) and is dependent on 13 climatic parameters, which can be integrated in the following predictive equation: Carbon Stock in AGB = -16.342 + (8.341 x Isothermality) + (0.021 x Annual Precipitation) [R²=0.34; p < 0.05]. It was shown that almost 70% of carbon stock variability is explained by age. Carbon stock and sequestration also vary according to physiographic types, indicating the importance of hydroperiod and edaphic parameters to the local variability of carbon stock. By demonstrating the contribution of local and regional-global factors to carbon stock, this study provides information to the forecast of the effects of future climate changes and local anthropogenic forcings on this ecosystem service.

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Age-related Decline in Forest Ecosystem Growth: An Individual-Tree, Stand-Structure Hypothesis

Cited by 246 publications

References 15 publications

Nutrient accumulation and export in teak (Tectona grandis l.f.) plantations of Central America

Nutrient accumulation and export in teak (Tectona grandis l.f.) plantations of Central America

Stand and coarse woody debris dynamics in subalpine Norway spruce forests withdrawn from regular management

Global patterns of aboveground carbon stock and sequestration in mangroves

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