Age-related decline in Digit–Symbol performance: Eye-movement and video analysis

Stephens, Richard

doi:10.1016/j.acn.2005.08.002

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Joy et al44,45 suggest, with experimental support, that digit symbol performance in young healthy subjects is comprised of independent contributions from motor speed, cognitive speed, and visual scanning efficiency primarily and, to a lesser extent, from visual memory (for digit-symbol pairs) and set-shifting ability (between digits and symbols). Two further studies,46,47 also in young healthy subjects, analyzed eye movements during digit symbol performance and found that time spent inspecting the code correlated highly with performance whereas time spent writing did not. This suggests that the speed of searching and encoding information was a more important process than simple motor speed for performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between IQ, Memory, Executive Function, and Processing Speed in Recent-Onset Psychosis: 1-Year Stability and Clinical Outcome

Leeson

Barnes

Harrison

et al. 2008

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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Studies commonly report poor performance in psychotic patients compared with controls on tasks testing a range of cognitive functions, but, because current IQ is often not matched between these groups, it is difficult to determine whether this represents a generalized deficit or specific abnormalities. Fifty-three first-episode psychosis patients and 53 healthy controls, one-to-one matched for sex, age, and full-scale current IQ, were compared on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) subtests representing indices of perceptual organization, verbal comprehension, processing speed, and working memory as well as other tests of executive function and episodic memory. The groups showed an equivalent pattern of performance on all WAIS subtests except digit symbol processing speed, on which the patients were significantly worse. Patients were also worse on measures where performance correlated with digit symbol score, namely working and verbal memory tasks. Standardized residual scores for each subtest were calculated for each patient using the difference between their actual subtest score and a predicted subtest score based on their full-scale IQ and the performance of controls. Scaled scores and residual scores were examined for relationships with clinical measures. Digit symbol–scaled score was significantly correlated with concurrent negative syndrome score at baseline, and digit symbol residual score significantly predicted residual negative symptoms at 1-year follow-up. In summary, our comparison of patients and controls precisely matched for IQ revealed that processing speed was attenuated in recent-onset schizophrenia, contributed significantly to working and episodic memory deficits, and was a prognostic factor for poor outcome at 1 year.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between IQ, Memory, Executive Function, and Processing Speed in Recent-Onset Psychosis: 1-Year Stability and Clinical Outcome

Leeson

Barnes

Harrison

et al. 2008

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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“…The dual-task cost score was calculated as follows: ((single-task score−dual-task score)/single-task score)×100. All cost scores were converted to age-corrected Z -scores based on the performance of the normal control group (Stephens, 2006; Sullivan et al , 2000b) and used in all subsequent analyses to remove the effect of normal age.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual Tasking and Working Memory in Alcoholism: Relation to Frontocerebellar Circuitry

Chanraud

Pitel

Rohlfing

et al. 2010

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Controversy exists regarding the role of cerebellar systems in cognition and whether working memory compromise commonly marking alcoholism can be explained by compromise of nodes of corticocerebellar circuitry. We tested 17 alcoholics and 31 age-matched controls with dual-task, working memory paradigms. Interference tasks competed with verbal and spatial working memory tasks using low (three item) or high (six item) memory loads. Participants also underwent structural MRI to obtain volumes of nodes of the frontocerebellar system. On the verbal working memory task, both groups performed equally. On the spatial working memory with the high-load task, the alcoholic group was disproportionately more affected by the arithmetic distractor than were controls. In alcoholics, volumes of the left thalamus and left cerebellar Crus I volumes were more robust predictors of performance in the spatial working memory task with the arithmetic distractor than the left frontal superior cortex. In controls, volumes of the right middle frontal gyrus and right cerebellar Crus I were independent predictors over the left cerebellar Crus I, left thalamus, right superior parietal cortex, or left middle frontal gyrus of spatial working memory performance with tracking interference. The brain–behavior correlations suggest that alcoholics and controls relied on the integrity of certain nodes of corticocerebellar systems to perform these verbal and spatial working memory tasks, but that the specific pattern of relationships differed by group. The resulting brain structure–function patterns provide correlational support that components of this corticocerebellar system not typically related to normal performance in dual-task conditions may be available to augment otherwise dampened performance by alcoholics.

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“…The DSST is a subtest of the WAIS-Revised [44]. Test scores correlate with general intelligence, cognitive impairment, chronological age, and activation in the frontal regions [47–49]. Participants are presented with a rectangular grid of numbers.…”

Section: Outcome Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Performance Is Associated with Working Memory in Older People with Mild to Severe Cognitive Impairment

Volkers

Scherder

2014

BioMed Research International

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Background. Physical performances and cognition are positively related in cognitively healthy people. The aim of this study was to examine whether physical performances are related to specific cognitive functioning in older people with mild to severe cognitive impairment. Methods. This cross-sectional study included 134 people with a mild to severe cognitive impairment (mean age 82 years). Multiple linear regression was performed, after controlling for covariates and the level of global cognition, with the performances on mobility, strength, aerobic fitness, and balance as predictors and working memory and episodic memory as dependent variables. Results. The full models explain 49–57% of the variance in working memory and 40–43% of episodic memory. Strength, aerobic fitness, and balance are significantly associated with working memory, explaining 3–7% of its variance, irrespective of the severity of the cognitive impairment. Physical performance is not related to episodic memory in older people with mild to severe cognitive impairment. Conclusions. Physical performance is associated with working memory in older people with cognitive impairment. Future studies should investigate whether physical exercise for increased physical performance can improve cognitive functioning. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NTR1482.

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Age-related decline in Digit–Symbol performance: Eye-movement and video analysis

Cited by 13 publications

References 15 publications

The Relationship Between IQ, Memory, Executive Function, and Processing Speed in Recent-Onset Psychosis: 1-Year Stability and Clinical Outcome

The Relationship Between IQ, Memory, Executive Function, and Processing Speed in Recent-Onset Psychosis: 1-Year Stability and Clinical Outcome

Dual Tasking and Working Memory in Alcoholism: Relation to Frontocerebellar Circuitry

Physical Performance Is Associated with Working Memory in Older People with Mild to Severe Cognitive Impairment

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