Age-related changes in speed of walking

Himann, Joan E.; Cunningham, David A.; Rechnitzer, Peter A.; Paterson, Donald H.

doi:10.1249/00005768-198820020-00010

Cited by 450 publications

(131 citation statements)

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“…These findings confirm those of previous studies and indicate that when compared with young people, older people exhibit slower comfortable walking speed [5,9], reduced ability to quickly rise from a chair [3,10]. These age-related differences in functional mobility have been attributed to impaired sensorimotor function [11,12], in particular reduced lower extremity strength and power [13][14][15], but also increased fear of falling [8] and reduced aerobic capacity [16]. Figure 1.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

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Chair-rising and 3-min walk: A simple screening test for functional mobility

Oh¹,

Tabata²,

Kim³

et al. 2012

OJPM

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Aging induces decrease of locomotor capacity and its decrease is associated with an increased risk of falls. Several lines of evidence indicate that both change in muscle power and aerobic fitness are causative. Mobility tests are usually based on a maximal exercise stress test; however, this test is often difficult and sometimes frightening to older persons. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine age and gender differences in 3-min walk distance test (3WDT), and time of chair-rising test (CRT) of functional mobility. 153 men and 159 women aged from 20 to 78 years were recruited as subjects of the present study. The body composition measured the height, body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), lean tissue mass (LTM), and waist circumference (WC). The Functional mobility tests measured the peak oxygen uptake (V O2peak ), 3WDT, leg extension strength (LES), and times of CRT. Both in men and women, height and BMI, WC decreased and increased, respectively, with age. Height, BM, LTM, WC in men are higher than in women. We found no correlation between ages and 3WDT in women and a significant, negative correlation in men. All parameters of fitness performance were negatively correlated with age. Both in men and women, all parameters of fitness performance were positively correlated with sex. Both in men and women, V O2peak , 3WDT, and LES decreased with age. All parameters of fitness performance in men are higher than in women. Both in men and women were observed for the correlation between 3WDT and V O2peak , LES and CRT respectively. Although as the correlation coefficient between 3WTD and V O2peak , LES and CRT were low (r = 0.28 -0.38), an error may occur, this study shows that 3WDT and CRT test can be a feasible method of providing the information for muscle power and aerobic fitness, possibly avoiding the need for a maximal stress test.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Older adults tend to lose fat-free mass and gain fat mass. WC is a reliable marker of mortality in older adults [6][7][8] and muscle mass, as represented by lean mass, is associated with survival. In the present study, height, BMI and WC were decreased and increased, respectively, with age in men and women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chair-rising and 3-min walk: A simple screening test for functional mobility

Oh¹,

Tabata²,

Kim³

et al. 2012

OJPM

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“…At older ages, there is an accelerating decline with the loss of about 0.1 m/s in speed per decade (Guralnik et al 2000;Shumway-Cook et al 2007). While few studies have comprehensively assessed usual gait speed across as wide a proportion of the life span as studied here, data suggest that gait speeds would be approximately 15-20% lower were a similar comparison to be made between older and younger adult humans (Himann et al 1988;Samson et al 2001;Shumway-Cook et al 2007). Thus, the observations reported here of a 20% decline in walking speed of the old monkeys appears to be consistent with what would be expected in humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Aging and physical mobility in group-housed Old World monkeys

Shively

Willard

et al. 2011

AGE

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While indices of physical mobility such as gait speed are significant predictors of future morbidity/ mortality in the elderly, mechanisms of these relationships are not understood. Relevant animal models of aging and physical mobility are needed to study these relationships. The goal of this study was to develop measures of physical mobility including activity levels and gait speed in Old World monkeys which vary with age in adults. Locomotor behaviors of 21 old (x0 20 yoa) and 24 young (x09 yoa) socially housed adult females of three species were recorded using focal sample and ad libitum behavior observation methods. Selfmotivated walking speed was 17% slower in older than younger adults. Likewise, young adults climbed more frequently than older adults. Leaping and jumping were more common, on average, in young adults, but this difference did not reach significance. Overall activity levels did not vary significantly by age, and there were no significant age by species interactions in any of these behaviors. Of all the behaviors evaluated, walking speed measured in a simple and inexpensive manner appeared most sensitive to age and has the added feature of being least affected by differences in housing characteristics. Thus, walking speed may be a useful indicator of decline in physical mobility in nonhuman primate models of aging.

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“…Gait speed was slow for both groups (0.45-0.46m/s) compared with reported values for the healthy elderly (1.2-1.5 m/s). 39,40 Intervention Effects Muscle strength-Although both groups showed increases in strength after the intervention, there was a trend for the experimental group to show greater strength improvements than the control group (P = .06) ( Table 3). In the experimental group, average torque changes of individual muscle groups for the paretic limb ranged from a low of 7% for the hip extensors to a high of 155% for the ankle dorsi-flexors, whereas in the control group, strength changes were in the range of 1% for the hip extensors to 58% for the ankle plantarflexors.…”

Section: Baseline Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of isokinetic strength training on walking in persons with stroke: A double-blind controlled pilot study

Kim

Eng

MacIntyre

et al. 2001

Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases

124

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Objectives-The goal most often stated by persons with stroke is improved walking function. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of isokinetic strength training on walking performance, muscle strength, and health-related quality of life in survivors of chronic stroke.Methods-Twenty participants (age, 61.2 ± 8.4 years) with chronic stroke were randomized into 2 groups. The experimental group undertook maximal concentric isokinetic strength training, whereas the control group received passive range of motion of the paretic lower extremity 3 times a week for 6 weeks. The Kin-Com Isokinetic Dynamometer (Chattanooga Group Inc., TN) was used for both the strengthening and passive range of motion exercises. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the changes in scores (postintervention minus baseline) between the control and experimental groups for a composite lower extremity strength score, walking speed (levelwalking and stair-walking) and health-related quality of life measure (36-Item Short Form Health Survey ).Results-Both the experimental and control groups increased their strength and walking speed postintervention; however, there were no differences in the changes in walking speed between the groups. There was a trend (P = .06) toward greater strength improvement in the experimental group compared with the control group. No changes in SF-36 scores were found in either group.Conclusions-Intervention aimed at increasing strength did not result in improvements in walking. The results of this study stress the importance of controlled clinical trials in determining the effect of specific treatment approaches. Strength training in conjunction with other task-related training may be indicated.

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Age-related changes in speed of walking

Cited by 450 publications

References 0 publications

Chair-rising and 3-min walk: A simple screening test for functional mobility

Chair-rising and 3-min walk: A simple screening test for functional mobility

Aging and physical mobility in group-housed Old World monkeys

Effects of isokinetic strength training on walking in persons with stroke: A double-blind controlled pilot study

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