Age‐related changes in intracellular cytokine profiles and Th2 dominance in allergic children

Abstract

The unbalanced T helper response has been pointed out in allergic diseases. Especially in childhood, it is important to consider the development of acquired immunity. We investigated the relationship between age and Th1, Th2, Tc1 or Tc2 cells. In addition, Th1, Th2, Tc1 or Tc2 cells in allergic diseases were compared with control subjects. Thirty-four healthy controls (0-40 years old), 200 samples of cord blood, nine patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) (1-3 years old) and five patients with bronchial asthma (BA) (2-6 years old) were studied. Surface staining with CD4, CD8 and intracellular staining with anti-interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and anti-interleukin (IL)-4 were carried out, and analyzed by using flow cytometry. In the healthy controls, the percentages of Th1, Tc1 or Th2 showed positive correlation with age. The absolute numbers of Th1 or Tc1 also correlated with age. Cord blood with a family history of allergic disease showed no significant difference compared to that without a family history. The percentage of Th2 in AD and BA patients was significantly higher than in the age-matched healthy controls. The increase in Th1, Th2 and Tc1 with age might reflect on the development of acquired immunity. Age matching is important when evaluating the cytokine profiles of T cells. In allergic diseases, although cord blood showed a Th1-dominant pattern, it changed to Th2 dominance in childhood, and this may reflect on some genetic background.

Differential Role of Th1 and Th2 Cytokines in Autotoxicity Driven by CD19-Specific Second-Generation Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in a Mouse Model

“…This is consistent with recent studies (36) that observed no toxicity in a syngeneic model in which C3H mice received CAR T cells expressing the murine equivalent of the CD19.IEVz CAR. A Th2 bias in humans was associated with aging (37), zinc deficiency (38,39), allergies (40,41), and lymphoma (42), and polymorphisms in Th2 genes, including the IL-10 promoter, were linked with an increased risk for developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma (43,44), suggesting that there are subgroups of people who may be more at risk for Th-2 cytokine-driven CAR T cell proliferation than others.…”

Clinical comparison of psoriasis in Korean adults and children: correlation with serum anti-streptolysin O titers

“…This may be result from the diVerence of T cell immunity between children and adult. Kawamoto et al [11] presented that the CD4 or CD8 cells producing cytokines increased with age. Moreover, the percentages of Th1, Th2 and Tc1 showed a strong correlation with age in healthy controls [4,11].…”

“…Kawamoto et al [11] presented that the CD4 or CD8 cells producing cytokines increased with age. Moreover, the percentages of Th1, Th2 and Tc1 showed a strong correlation with age in healthy controls [4,11]. In our study, according to this concept, the diVerences in the immunological reaction to the streptococcal infection may induce the clinical diVerences between groups with normal and high ASO titers only in the patients with childhood psoriasis, not in the patients with adult psoriasis.…”

Normal ageing is associated with an increase in Th2 cells, MCP-1 (CCL1) and RANTES (CCL5), with differences in sCD40L and PDGF-AA between sexes

“…Supporting this notion has been a number of findings describing various immune down-regulatory changes in patients with malignant disorders, including our work in human melanoma describing the dominance of T helper type 2 (Th2) systemic immune bias in patients with metastatic melanoma, as well as depletion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in sentinel lymph nodes downstream of invasive cutaneous melanoma [7,8]. Furthermore, other, smaller studies have associated ageing with an increase in Th2 cells with age in healthy volunteers and those with chronic allergic conditions [9].…”