Age-Related Changes in Binocular Vision: Detection of Noise-Masked Targets in Young and Old Observers

Speranza, Filippo; Moraglia, Giampaolo; Schneider, Bruce A.

doi:10.1093/geronb/50b.2.p114

Cited by 16 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Nevertheless, the current results are similar to those reported by Pardhan et al, who found no age difference in (two-dimensional) equivalent noise at 6 c /deg. Using a different masking paradigm from the one used here, Speranza et al 34 also found no age difference in equivalent noise at 1.5 and 3 c /deg.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Effects of aging on calculation efficiency and equivalent noise

1999

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Contrast sensitivity under photopic conditions declines with age; however, the cause of this decline remains unknown. To address this issue, we measured detection thresholds for sine wave gratings in noise, under various conditions of spatial-frequency uncertainty, and estimated observers' internal noise and calculation efficiency. Statistical analyses revealed that efficiencies were lower for old (median age at 68 years) than for young (median age at 22 years) observers; no significant differences in internal noise were found. A control experiment ruled out the possibility that reduced retinal illuminance causes the decline in efficiency with age. Our results demonstrate that age-related neural changes play a major role in the decline in contrast sensitivity with age. Possible contributing mechanisms are considered.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Effects of aging on calculation efficiency and equivalent noise

1999

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“…Because the stereograms are generated by computers, it is p possible to create dynamic patterns of binocular disparity that change over time. One can also manipulate perceptually important variables, such as the type and magnitude of noise (see, e.g., Speranza, Moraglia, & Schneider, 1995). t Given the many advantages of random-dot stereograms, it is surprising that they have not typically been used by researchers interested in aging and stereopsis (see, e.g., Bell, Wolf, & Bernholz, 1972;Haegerstrom-Portnoy, Schneck, & Brabyn, 1999;Hofstetter & Bertsch, 1976;Jani, 1966;Wright & Wormald, 1992).…”

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confidence: 99%

Aging and the perception of 3-D shape from dynamic patterns of binocular disparity

Norman

Crabtree

Ann

et al. 2006

Perception & Psychophysics

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In two experiments, we investigated the ability of younger and older observers to perceive and discriminate 3-D shape from static and dynamic patterns of binocular disparity. In both experiments, the younger observers' discrimination accuracies were 20% higher than those of the older observers. Despite this quantitative difference, in all other respects the older observers performed similarly to the younger observers. Both age groups were similarly affected by changes in the magnitude of binocular younger observers. Both age groups were similarly affected by changes in the magnitude of binocular disparity, by reductions in binocular correspondence, and by increases in the speed of stereoscopic motion. In addition, observers in both age groups exhibited an advantage in performance for dynamic stereograms when the patterns of binocular disparity contained significant amounts of correspondence "noise." The process of aging does affect stereopsis, but the effects are quantitative rather than qualitative.

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“…Specifically, we have shown (Moraglia & Schneider, 1990, 1994Schneider, Moraglia, & Jepson, 1989;Speranza, Moraglia, & Schneider, 1995;see, also, Henning & Hertz, 1973, 1977 that the detectability ofa visual sigThis research was supported by grants to G.M. and B.S.…”

Section: Binocular Unmaskingmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Conversely, the highest signal-to-noise ratio would occur in this same channel when the Gabor is presented in counterphase to the two eyes. Finally, it is assumed that there is some internal noise in each of these disparity channels, so that detection cannot occur at infinitesimally small values of contrast and there is some degree of interocular jitter that will interfere somewhat with perfect summation (Speranza et al, 1995).…”

Section: F(et/) = G(et/)[2 + 2cos(2ired Xg)]'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Binocular vision enhances phase discrimination by filtering the background

Schneider

Moraglia

Speranza

1999

Perception & Psychophysics

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Previous studies have shown that the detectability of a noise-masked target can be enhanced under stereoscopic viewing when the target's interocular disparity differs from that of the noise. This enhanced detectability can be accounted for by a model postulating that the binocular system linearly sums the left-eye and right-eye views of a visual scene. This model also predicts enhanced phase discrimination under specifiable interocular disparities of target and noise. Two experiments were conducted in which subjects were asked to discriminate between two luminance patterns (target and foil) that differed only in phase. The target patterns were constructed by summating two vertical sinusoidal gratings in which the phase difference between the higher and the lower spatial frequency gratings was 45°. The foils contained the same two component frequencies, with a phase difference of -45°. Thus, targets and foils were mirror images of one another. The ability of subjects to discriminate between these stereoscopically viewed mirror-imagepatterns was investigated under two sets of interocular disparities: those that, according to our model, would unmask one or both spatial frequency components, and those that would leave both components masked by the noise. Phase discrimination was enhanced only when both component frequencies of the target lind foil were unmasked. The implications of these findings . for template-matching and phase-discrimination models of pattern discrimination are considered.

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Age-Related Changes in Binocular Vision: Detection of Noise-Masked Targets in Young and Old Observers

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of aging on calculation efficiency and equivalent noise

Effects of aging on calculation efficiency and equivalent noise

Aging and the perception of 3-D shape from dynamic patterns of binocular disparity

Binocular vision enhances phase discrimination by filtering the background

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