Age-related changes in articular cartilage thickness of the third metacarpal bone in the thoroughbred.

Oikawa, Masa-aki; Yoshihara, Toyohiko; Kaneko, Mikihiro

doi:10.1292/jvms1939.51.839

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Sequence from midcondylar level at isity in the distopalmar regions of both condyles (lateral = leji). Hornoff et al 1981;Oikawa et al 1989;Yoshihara et al 1989). Yoshihara et al (1989) studied the distal condyles of McIII from 33 Thoroughbreds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, it is reasonable to expect that density and structure of the bones may similarly vary around their circumference and across their width through the processes of bone adaptation (Fischer et al 1995). Previous studies have shown that subchondral bone in the palmar/plantar aspect of the condyles is more dense (more bone tissue per unit volume) than that in the dorsal regions (Kaneko et al 1980;Hornoff et al 1981;Oikawa et al 1989;Yoshihara et al 1989). There is also evidence that this difference is more *marked in animals which have undergone intense training (Yoshihara et al 1989).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have shown that subchondral bone in the palmar/plantar aspect of the condyles is more dense (more bone tissue per unit volume) than that in the dorsal regions (Kaneko et al 1980;Hornoff et al 1981;Oikawa et al 1989;Yoshihara et al 1989). There is also evidence that this difference is more *marked in animals which have undergone intense training (Yoshihara et al 1989). Analogous differences would be expected and have been reported in other bones of the horse.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Structural variation of the distal condyles of the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones in the horse

Riggs

Whitehouse

Boyde

1999

Equine Veterinary Journal

103

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Summary This study examined 3‐dimensional (3D) distribution of sectors with contrasting density in the equine third metacarpal (McIII) and third metatarsal (MtIII) bones with a view to explaining the aetiology of distal condylar fractures. Macroradiography and computed tomographic (CT) imaging were used in the nondestructive study of bones obtained from horses, most of which were Thoroughbreds in race training. Distal condylar regions of McIII and MtIII were also studied in microradiographs of 100 μm thick mediolateral sections cut perpendicular to the dorsal and palmar/plantar articular surfaces. Qualitative and quantitative results from all methods used (radiography, CT and microradiographic stereology) demonstrated a densification (sclerosis) of subchondral bone located in the palmar/plantar regions of the medial and lateral condyles of both McIII and MtIII. Substantial density gradients between the denser condyles and the subchondral bone of the sagittal groove were shown to equate with anatomical differences in loading intensity during locomotion. It is hypothesised that such differences in bone density results in stress concentration at the palmar/plantar aspect of the condylar grooves, which may predispose to fracture.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Structural variation of the distal condyles of the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones in the horse

Riggs

Whitehouse

Boyde

1999

Equine Veterinary Journal

103

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“…Growth and development are rapid: in the thoroughbred, birth weight doubles by approximately 6 weeks, 90% of mature height and 66% of mature weight have been reached by 12 months, and 95 and 80% by 18 months, and growth is completed by the fourth year of life (Frape, 1986). Equine joint cartilage has similar appearance and properties to human articular cartilage, and attains its adult thickness (0.6–1.6 mm in the carpus and Mc3) by 5–6 months of age (Firth & Hartman, 1983; Oikawa et al. 1989); of the domestic animals studied, the equine cartilage thickness is closest to that of human cartilage (Stockwell & Meachim, 1979; Frisbie et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The response of bone, articular cartilage and tendon to exercise in the horse

Firth

2006

Journal of Anatomy

108

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Horses can gallop within hours of birth, and may begin training for athletic competition while still growing. This review cites studies on the effects of exercise on bone, tendon and articular cartilage, as detected by clinical and research imaging techniques, tissue biochemical analysis and microscopy of various kinds. For bone, alterations in bone mineral content, mineral density and the morphology of the mineralized tissue are the most common endpoints. Apparent bone density increases slightly after athletic training in the cortex, but substantially in the major load paths of the epiphyses and cuboidal bones, despite the lower material density of the new bone, which is deposited subperiosteally and on internal surfaces without prior osteoclastic resorption. With training of greater intensity, adaptive change is supervened by patho-anatomical change in the form of microdamage and frank lesions. In tendon, collagen fibril diameter distribution changes significantly during growth, but not after early training. The exact amount and type of protracted training that does cause reduction in mass average diameter (an early sign of progressive microdamage) have not been defined. Training is associated with an increase in the cross-sectional area of some tendons, possibly owing to slightly greater water content of non-collagenous or newly synthesized matrix. Early training may be associated with greater thickness of hyaline but not calcified articular cartilage, at least in some sites. The age at which adaptation of cartilage to biomechanical influences can occur may thus extend beyond very early life. However, cartilage appears to be the most susceptible of the three tissues to pathological alteration. The effect of training exercise on the anatomical or patho-anatomical features of connective tissue structures is affected by the timing, type and amount of natural or imposed exercise during growth and development which precedes the training.

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“…Stiffness could be less in ACC than subchondral bone because of its lower collagen volume fraction and/or the different collagen orientations of the two tissues; collagen in ACC is radially arranged and minimally interwoven whereas subchondral bone collagen in laid down in all directions in both lamellar and woven forms, giving subchondral bone much a much greater ability to prevent crack propagation. Oikawa et al (1989) found that articular cartilage at the distal Mc3 reduces in thickness by half to two thirds between birth and 24 months old . Cartilage thickness was similar at all sites before 1 month old, but by 24 months old, a distinct heterogeneity had emerged.…”

Section: 5 2 Cartilage Biomechanicsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Calcified tissue structure in the distal condyle of the third metacarpal bone in young Thoroughbred horses

Doube¹

2017

Preprint

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Aims: To determine improvements in third metacarpal (Mc3) condylar microanatomy attributable to preconditioning exercise. To investigate developmental causes of Mc3 condylar fracture.Methods: Twelve Thoroughbred horses were raised at pasture; six received preconditioning exercise from 10 days. Calcein labels were administered 19 and 11 days prior to euthanasia at 18 months. Six horses also received 2 seasons of race-training and were euthanised at 3 years. Slices were taken from the distal Mc3 condyle in the frontal and dorsal-and palmar-oblique frontal planes, scanned with DXA and macerated (frontal slices) or embedded in PMMA (oblique slices).Articular calcified cartilage (ACC) and subchondral bone (SCB) in oblique slices were imaged using confocal scanning light microscopy and quantitative backscattered electron scanning electron microscopy. ACC and SCB in the palmar slice lateral parasagittal grooves were imaged using µCT and nanoindentation tested. Results: Characteristic spatial variations in ACC and SCB histomorphometric parameters were present, none of which was significantly related to preconditioning exercise. Thickened, aberrantly mineralised ACC was found in 13/24 parasagittal grooves in the palmar slices and on the sagittal ridge of 4/12 dorsal slices of 18-month-old horses. Deep to thickened ACC, SCB had an open marrow structure, having not adopted the buttress morphology of the normal SCB plate. SCB in 3-year-old horses had incorporated early ACC defects as notches in parasagittal grooves and a hyaline cartilage island in a sagittal ridge. ACC was less stiff and SCB more stiff in affected than unaffected parasagittal grooves. Chondroclastic resorption in the parasagittal groove may be retarded as early as 3-6 months, possibly due to localised inhibition of Dr Naomi Boxall has guided me through the PhD experience; as one of the several PhD students 5 Attribution I knew while an undergraduate at Massey University she gave me insight into coping with the varied challenges that postgraduate study entails. Naomi also helped correct my sometimes dubious spelling, grammar and punctuation while preparing documents for submission. Jen Swindlehurst provided a number of images of equine metacarpals from her own studies that I was kindly allowed to use in my presentations. Jen's work also (conveniently) supported my own, and it was nice to have a colleague who was so intimately familiar with the problem of condylar fracture. Several of Professor

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Age-related changes in articular cartilage thickness of the third metacarpal bone in the thoroughbred.

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Structural variation of the distal condyles of the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones in the horse

Structural variation of the distal condyles of the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones in the horse

The response of bone, articular cartilage and tendon to exercise in the horse

Calcified tissue structure in the distal condyle of the third metacarpal bone in young Thoroughbred horses

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