Age-Related Changes Between the Level of Velopharyngeal Closure and the Cervical Spine

Mason, Kazlin N.; Perry, Jamie L.; Riski, John E.; Fang, Xiangming

doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000002403

Cited by 17 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Changes in velar shape are likely due to growth of the velum as children mature. Previous studies have reported that growth led to increased velar length and velar thickness 2223. These anatomical changes likely result in the presence of certain velar shapes in adults.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Morphological variation of the velum in children and adults using magnetic resonance imaging

2019

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate variations in velar shape according to age, sex, and race using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods The study sample consisted of 170 participants (85 children, 85 adults) between 4 and 34 years of age. Velar morphology was visually classified using midsagittal MRI scans for each participant by 2 independent raters. Inter- and intra-rater reliability was assessed. Statistical analyses were performed to identify correlations of velar shape with sex, age, and race. Results The most frequent velar shape was “butt” for both adults (41%) and children (58%) in this study. The least common shapes for adults were “leaf” and “S.” The children did not exhibit any “leaf” or “straight” velar shapes. A statistically significant difference was noted for age with respect to velar shape ( P =0.014). Sex and race were found to have no significant impact on velar shape in this study. Conclusion When using MRI to evaluate velar morphology, the “butt” shape was most common in both children and adults. Velar shape varied significantly with age, while race and sex did not have a significant impact.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Morphological variation of the velum in children and adults using magnetic resonance imaging

2019

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“…), or identifying the level of proper velopharyngeal closure correction in patients with cleft palate (Mason et al. ). Similarly, orthodontists use cervical vertebral body morphological stages to identify the biological age of a patient to determine appropriate treatment (Bench, ; Altan et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical vertebral body growth and emergence of sexual dimorphism: a developmental study using computed tomography

et al. 2019

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The size and shape of human cervical vertebral bodies serve as a reference for measurement or treatment planning in multiple disciplines. It is therefore necessary to understand thoroughly the developmental changes in the cervical vertebrae in relation to the changing biomechanical demands on the neck during the first two decades of life. To delineate sex‐specific changes in human cervical vertebral bodies, 23 landmarks were placed in the midsagittal plane to define the boundaries of C2 to C7 in 123 (73 M; 50 F) computed tomography scans from individuals, ages 6 months to 19 years. Size was calculated as the geometric area, from which sex‐specific growth trend, rate, and type for each vertebral body were determined, as well as length measures of local deformation‐based morphometry vectors from the centroid to each landmark. Additionally, for each of the four pubertal‐staged age cohorts, sex‐specific vertebral body wireframes were superimposed using generalized Procrustes analysis to determine sex‐specific changes in form (size and shape) and shape alone. Our findings reveal that C2 was unique in achieving more of its adult size by 5 years, particularly in females. In contrast, C3–C7 had a second period of accelerated growth during puberty. The vertebrae of males and females were significantly different in size, particularly after puberty, when males had larger cervical vertebral bodies. Male growth outpaced female growth around age 10 years and persisted until around age 19–20 years, whereas females completed growth earlier, around age 17–18 years. The greatest shape differences between males and females occurred during puberty. Both sexes had similar growth in the superoinferior height, but males also displayed more growth in anteroposterior depth. Such prominent sex differences in size, shape, and form are likely the result of differences in growth rate and growth duration. Female vertebrae are thus not simply smaller versions of the male vertebrae. Additional research is needed to further quantify growth and help improve age‐ and sex‐specific guidance in clinical practice.

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“…Studies have emphasized the value of using presurgical anatomy that is sex and race specific to guide proper surgical treatment in cleft palate surgeries (Chung & Kau, 1985;Chung, Runck, Bilben, & Kau, 1986;Inouye, Pelland, Lin, Borowitz, & Blemker, 2015;Mason, Perry, Riski, & Fang, 2016;Mason, Riski, & Perry, 2018;. However, our understanding of the timing in which sex effects are evident is limited to young child and adult age groups and is not reflective of data across the age span.…”

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Growth Effects on Velopharyngeal Anatomy From Childhood to Adulthood

Perry

Kollara

Sutton

et al. 2019

J Speech Lang Hear Res

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The observed sexual dimorphism of velopharyngeal structures among adult populations has not been observed in the young child (4-to 9-year-old) population. The purpose of this study was to examine the age at which sexual dimorphism of velopharyngeal structures become apparent and to examine how growth trends vary between boys and girls. Method: Static 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging velopharyngeal data were collected among 202 participants ranging from 4 to 21 years of age. Participants were divided into 3 groups based on age, including Group 1: 4-10 years of age, Group 2: 11-17 years of age, and Group 3: 18-21 years of age. Nine velopharyngeal measures were obtained and compared between groups. Results: Significant sex effects were evident for levator length (p = .011), origin to origin (p = .018), and velopharyngeal ratio (p = .036) for those in Group 2 (11-17 years of age). Sex effects became increasingly apparent with age, with 7 of 9 variables becoming significantly different between male and female participants in Group 3. Boys, in general, displayed a delayed growth peak in velopharyngeal growth compared to girls. Conclusion: Results from this study demonstrate the growth of velopharyngeal anatomy with sexual dimorphism becoming apparent predominantly after 18 years of age. However, velopharyngeal variables displayed variable growth trends with some variables presenting sexual dimorphism at an earlier age compared to other velopharyngeal variables. N umerous studies have examined sex effects among velopharyngeal structures, particularly in the adult population. Perry, Kuehn, Sutton, Gamage, and Fang (2016) reported significant differences in velopharyngeal muscles and structures among 88 adults between 18 and 36 years of age. The authors found men demonstrated a significantly longer levator veli palatini (levator) muscle compared to women. The distance between the points where levator muscle inserts into the velar body (termed velar insertion distance) and distance between levator muscle origins was also significantly greater in men compared to women. Men were found to have a thicker and longer velum compared to women. Bae, Kuehn, Sutton, Conway, and Perry (2011) similarly reported among 10 adult participants (five men and five women) a significantly longer levator muscle among men compared to women. Perry, Kuehn, Sutton, and Gamage (2014) reported among 30 adult participants (15 men and 15 women) a significantly greater levator muscle length, greater distance between velar insertion points, and greater angles of origins. Literature supports the notion, however, that such sexual dimorphism is not found among children and may be associated with growth changes in late adolescence. Kollara, Perry, and Hudson (2016) examined 32 children between 4 and 8 years of age and did not observe sex differences in most velopharyngeal structures. Velar insertion distance was the only velopharyngeal variable found to vary based on sex, with boys demonstrating larger values than girls. A large-scale study including ...

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Age-Related Changes Between the Level of Velopharyngeal Closure and the Cervical Spine

Cited by 17 publications

References 41 publications

Morphological variation of the velum in children and adults using magnetic resonance imaging

Morphological variation of the velum in children and adults using magnetic resonance imaging

Cervical vertebral body growth and emergence of sexual dimorphism: a developmental study using computed tomography

Growth Effects on Velopharyngeal Anatomy From Childhood to Adulthood

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