Age-related and seasonal changes in covalently bound ceramide content in forearm stratum corneum of Japanese subjects: determination of molecular species of ceramides

Fujiwara, Anna; Morifuji, Masashi; Kitade, Masami; Kawahata, Keiko; Fukasawa, Tomoyuki; Yamaji, Taketo; Itoh, Hiroyuki; Kawashima, Makoto

doi:10.1007/s00403-018-1859-z

Cited by 20 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In the areas with high production of the skin sebum such as the face, a winter‐related decrease in sebum production (will be discussed further) significantly contributes to the skin barrier attenuation. Then, a reduced number of total ceramides, fatty acids, cholesterol, 62‐65 increased ratio of ceramides with shorter chains, 17 and containing unsaturated fatty acids 63 were found in winter skin in comparison with summer possibly contributing to a decreased water resistance of SC in winter 66,67 . These changes can be partly explained by often observed higher pH in winter 16,19,22,25,28,31,68 caused by the lack of the skin sebum and acidic NMF molecules from the sweat and leading to a decreased activity of lipid processing enzymes such as β‐glucocerebrosidase and acidic sphingomyelinase 69 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variations in the skin parameters of Caucasian women from Central Europe

Dolečková

Čápová

Machková

et al. 2020

Skin Research and Technology

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Background The human skin is greatly affected by external factors such as UV radiation (UVR), ambient temperature (T), and air humidity. These factors oscillate during the year giving rise to the seasonal variations in the skin properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of seasons, environmental T, relative and absolute humidity on the skin parameters of Caucasian women, perform a literature review and discuss the possible factors lying behind the found changes. Materials and Methods We measured stratum corneum (SC) hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), sebum level, erythema index, and elasticity parameters R2 and R7 on the forehead and the cheek of Caucasian women from the Czech Republic throughout the year. We also performed a non‐systematic literature review focused on the seasonal variations in these skin parameters. Results We confirmed a well‐documented low SC hydration and sebum production in winter. In spring, we found the lowest TEWL (on the forehead) and the highest SC hydration but also the highest erythema index and the lowest elasticity presumably indicating skin photodamage. For most of the skin parameters, the seasonal variations probably arise due to a complex action of different factors as we extensively discussed. Conclusion The data about the seasonal variations in the skin parameters are still highly inconsistent and further studies are needed for better understanding of the normal skin changes throughout the year.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variations in the skin parameters of Caucasian women from Central Europe

Dolečková

Čápová

Machková

et al. 2020

Skin Research and Technology

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“…More recently, mass spectrometry has revealed low 12R‐LOX protein levels in photodamaged facial SC which is associated with a thinner SC and reduced CE maturation . It is likely that facial SC has reduced acyl‐ceramide linoleate levels that contribute to this reduced CE maturation , and age‐related reductions in covalently bound ceramides have been reported . However, the activity of 12R‐LOX has not been determined in these conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

12R‐lipoxygenase activity is reduced in photodamaged facial stratum corneum. A novel activity assay indicates a key function in corneocyte maturation

Guneri

Voegeli

Munday

et al. 2019

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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Background During the late stage of keratinocyte differentiation, corneocytes gain a strong protein–lipid structure: the corneocyte envelopes (CE), composed of the inner corneocyte protein envelope (CPE) and the outer corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE). The hydrophobicity of CEs depends on the covalent attachment of linoleoyl‐acyl‐ceramides by transglutaminases (TG). These ceramides are processed by a range of other enzymes, including 12R‐lipoxygenase (12R‐LOX), before the covalent attachment of the free ω‐hydroxyceramides to the CPE surface to form the CLE. The mechanical strength of CE is obtained with the formation of isodipeptide bonds by TG. The increase in hydrophobicity and rigidity leads to CE maturation which supports the integrity and mechanical resistance of the stratum corneum (SC). Objectives The aim of this work was to develop and validate a novel enzyme activity assay for 12R‐LOX in tape strippings of photo‐exposed (PE) cheek and photo‐protected (PP) post‐auricular SC of healthy Chinese volunteers (n = 12; age 25 ± 3 years). Results A fluorescence‐based assay was developed with ethyl linoleic acid as the substrate and a polyclonal antibody against 12R‐LOX as an inhibitor. The specificity was shown by the lack of effect by a LOX inhibitor (ML351) and an epidermal‐type lipoxygenase 3 (eLOX3) antibody on the acquired 12R‐LOX activity. Reduced 12R‐LOX activity was observed in the outer compared to the inner SC layers. Moreover, dramatically lower activity was shown in the PE vs. PP samples. Furthermore, the enzyme activity has a positive correlation (r = 0.94 ± 0.03) with CE maturity, in particular hydrophobicity, and a negative correlation (r = −0.96 ± 0.01) with transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Conclusion This novel enzyme assay revealed a lower 12R‐LOX activity in tape strippings from PE cheek for the first time. This finding is in line with less mature CEs and higher TEWL compared to PP post‐auricular samples. This study indicates a strong link between 12R‐LOX activity and CE maturation and SC integrity.

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“…The presence of an unsaturated acyl chain is necessary for the formation of the lipid lamellar structure 63 . Importance of covalently bound ω-hydroxyceramides containing unsaturated fatty acid in maintenance and strengthening of epidermal lamellar structures are shown earlier 61 . In other previous reports, changes in not only covalently bound ω-hydroxyceramides but also epidermal ceramide profile or other lipids content are associated with skin barrier function 6 , 10 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Interestingly, dietary CAEP and GluCer increased levels of covalently bound ω-hydroxyceramides having unsaturated fatty acids than those having saturated fatty acids. Previous studies reported that covalently bound ω-hydroxyceramides containing unsaturated fatty acid were less sensitive to aging, seasonal variation, and AD-like damage compared to those containing saturated fatty acid 16,61 . The presence of an unsaturated acyl chain is necessary for the formation of the lipid lamellar structure 63 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The impairment of covalently bound ω-hydroxyceramides production pathway causes ichthyosis 47,60 . Previous reports mentioned that covalently bound ω-hydroxyceramides are thought to play an important role in stabilizing lamellar structure as compared with other species 11,61 . In this study, administration of CAEP and GluCer increased epidermal covalently bound ω-hydroxyceramide levels and its synthesis-related gene expression in the skin compared to the control group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dietary ceramide 2-aminoethylphosphonate, a marine sphingophosphonolipid, improves skin barrier function in hairless mice

Tomonaga

Manabe

Aida

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Sphingolipids are one of the major components of cell membranes and are ubiquitous in eukaryotic organisms. Ceramide 2-aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP) of marine origin is a unique and abundant sphingophosphonolipid with a C-P bond. Although molluscs such as squids and bivalves, containing CAEP, are consumed globally, the dietary efficacy of CAEP is not understood. We investigated the efficacy of marine sphingophosphonolipids by studying the effect of dietary CAEP on the improvement of the skin barrier function in hairless mice fed a diet that induces severely dry-skin condition. The disrupted skin barrier functions such as an increase in the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), a decrease in the skin hydration index, and epidermal hyperplasia were restored by CEAP dietary supplementation. Correspondingly, dietary CAEP significantly increased the content of covalently bound ω-hydroxyceramide, and the expression of its biosynthesis-related genes in the skin. These effects of dietary CAEP mimic those of dietary plant glucosylceramide. The novel observations from this study show an enhancement in the skin barrier function by dietary CAEP and the effects could be contributed by the upregulation of covalently bound ω-hydroxyceramide synthesis in the skin. The mammalian skin barrier is in the stratum corneum, the outermost layers of the epidermis, which protects against excessive transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and to block of irritants. In this study, we focused on the function to retain water in the epidermis as the skin barrier and the epidermal structures which conducive to the barrier. Lipid lamellae in the extracellular space of corneocytes play a vital role in the barrier function and maintain a hydrophobic environment. These lipids, consisting of 50% ceramides, 25% cholesterol, and 15% fatty acids (on a total lipid mass basis), contribute to the water-holding properties and prevent desiccation by TEWL 1,3. Ceramide formation occurs by binding of a fatty acid to an amide group of the sphingoid base. The molecular structures of ceramides are various. Ceramides are essential for the skin barrier function since changes in ceramide profile of the lipid lamellae have been associated with impaired barrier function 4-10. The structure formed by the binding of ω-hydroxyceramides to cornified envelope proteins is important for the skin barrier 11,12. The cornified envelope is a rigid structure with an outer lipid layer and an inner protein, which is produced by the crosslinking of precursor proteins such as involucrin and loricrin 13. Ultra-long-chain ceramide participates in the formation of covalently bound ω-hydroxyceramides 14,15. The amount of covalently bound ω-hydroxyceramides correlates with skin hydration and skin barrier function 11,12,16. Sphingoid base is a common structure of sphingolipids which are one of the major families of lipids. Since sphingolipids are components of cell membranes, they are ubiquitous in eukaryotic organisms 17. However, the polar head groups and ceramide structure of sphingolipids vary amo...

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Age-related and seasonal changes in covalently bound ceramide content in forearm stratum corneum of Japanese subjects: determination of molecular species of ceramides

Cited by 20 publications

References 20 publications

Seasonal variations in the skin parameters of Caucasian women from Central Europe

Seasonal variations in the skin parameters of Caucasian women from Central Europe

12R‐lipoxygenase activity is reduced in photodamaged facial stratum corneum. A novel activity assay indicates a key function in corneocyte maturation

Dietary ceramide 2-aminoethylphosphonate, a marine sphingophosphonolipid, improves skin barrier function in hairless mice

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