Age-related and Non-age—related Changes in 100 Surveyed Horse Brains

Jahns, Hanne; Callanan, John J.; McElroy, M.; Sammin, D.; Bassett, Hugh F.

doi:10.1354/vp.43-5-740

Cited by 27 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Furthermore, an extraordinary amount of empty Schwann cells (after degeneration of the axons) was found in in elderly people (Ochoa andMair 1969, Toghi et al 1977). These findings from human medicine are not in accordance with a study performed by Jahns et al (2006), where age-dependent changes found in brain tissue of 100 horses were not consistent with degeneration. The changes in this study consisted of intra-neuronal (n=97), glial or extracellular lipofuscin (n=41), calcium deposits (n=24) and hemosiderin deposits around blood vessels (n=60).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 97%

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Examination on the effectiveness of a glycerol injection at the trigeminal nerve as a basis for the treatment of headshaking in the horse

Winter¹,

Haist²,

Feige³

2014

PHK

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Summary: At the moment, therapy of equine idiopathic headshaking is difficult, as there is no adequate treatment for all trigeminal nerve branches available. In humans, trigeminal neuralgia, a similar disease, can be treated by the injection of glycerol into the trigeminal nerve root. The purpose of this study was to develop a minimally invasive injection technique into the trigeminal ganglion and to describe the effects of a glycerol injection. This study was performed on eight neurologically healthy horses. Under general anaesthesia and computer-tomographic guidance, a biopsy needle was moved through the guttural pouch into the trigeminal ganglion. Glycerol (1.6-1.9 ml) was injected into the trigeminal ganglion of one side of the head. Subsequently, the horses were clinically and neurologically examined at planned intervals. After the glycerol injection, the examination was performed every day during the first two weeks, then every other day for the next two weeks and then two times a week. After six weeks, the horses were euthanized and the trigeminal nerve and its surroundings were investigated macroscopically and histologically. A Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for non-normally distributed data. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The glycerol injection could be accomplished in all of the eight cases. In one horse, severe neurologic signs occurred (increased sensitivity and pruritus at the head and neck on both sides and hypermetric, ataxic movements) which were ascribed to a meningitis in the post mortem examination. Another horse showed neurologic signs (torticollis to the left side, hemi-facial spasm and hyperaesthesia at head and neck on the left side as well as generalized ataxia) for unknown reasons which disappeared after adequate therapy. On both sides, signs of a degenerative neuropathy which were significantly more severe (p < 0.05) on the glycerol-treated side were observed. It was concluded that the glycerol injection is practicable in horses. Anatomical differences between horses and humans necessitate a diverging procedure and with respect to this the needle guidance by computed tomography was considered feasible. The degeneration detected in the histopathological examination indicated reduced conductivity of the trigeminal nerve which suggests that a glycerol injection produces the desired effects. As the glycerol injection has been performed only in healthy horses, the actual effect on headshaking horses cannot be verified yet and has to be examined in further investigations. Especially with regard to the fact that so far, no therapy for headshaking in the horse at the trigeminal nerve level exists, the present study can be considered as a basis for a minimally invasive therapy at the trigeminal ganglion.Keywords: Horse / trigeminal nerve / headshaking / glycerol / neuropathy Untersuchung zur Wirkungsweise einer Glyzerolinjektion an das Ganglion trigeminale als Grundlage einer Behandlung des Headshakings beim PferdDie Therapie des equinen idiopathischen Headshakings ist derzeit...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 97%

“…The changes in this study consisted of intra-neuronal (n=97), glial or extracellular lipofuscin (n=41), calcium deposits (n=24) and hemosiderin deposits around blood vessels (n=60). In two horses, Alzheimer Type II cells were found (Jahns et al 2006). These changes could not be retraced in our study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

Examination on the effectiveness of a glycerol injection at the trigeminal nerve as a basis for the treatment of headshaking in the horse

Winter¹,

Haist²,

Feige³

2014

PHK

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“…In this study, macroscopically and microscopically ventricular dilatation and ependymal undulation with inflammation were noted; these results were previously reported in other animal species [8,10] but not in horses. Histopathological findings in the aging brains in horses were similar with earlier studies done with horses [11,13,14,23] , other animal species [8,10,21,22,24] and people [4,25,26] . In the study, even though no sex or breed difference was found, significant difference was found with aging.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Neuroaxonal dystrophy, calcification and inflammation are the common changes in the aging brains, pathogenesis and functional consequences of these changes are not fully understood [11][12][13][14] . Lipofuscin and hemosiderin pigments, calcium deposits, satellitosis [11] neuroaxonal dystrophy, cerebrovascular disease [13,14] and Alzheimer type II cells were reported in previous studies [13] in the elderly horse brains. Furthermore, changes in the aging brain were demonstrated by some markers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atlarda Yaşla İlgili Beyinde Oluşan Histopatolojik ve İmmunohistokimyasal Değişiklikler

Özsoy¹,

Haziroğlu²

2017

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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Citation of This Article AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate age dependent pathological changes in horse brains. In the study, 10 mature horses aged between 10-16 years, 13 old horses aged between 17-21 years old and 7 young horses between 4-7 years old were examined macroscopically, histopathologically and immunohistohemically. As compared young horse brains; ventricular dilatation, satellitosis, neuronal vacuolization, status spongiosis, ventricular dilatation and ependymal undulation, calcium deposits and axonal swellings were seen in old horse brains. Immunohistochemical staining was obtained with Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), 2' ,3'-Cyclic Nucleotide 3'-Phosphodiesterase (CNPase), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), β-amyloid protein (Aβ) antibodies to indicate age related changes in brains.

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“…Essas lesões também foram descritas em casos de intoxicação espontânea e experimental por S. paniculatum (Guaraná et al 2011) e por S. fastigiatum (Riet-Correa et al 1983, Rech et al 2006. A presença de esferóides axonais no tronco encefálico de equinos e degerenação Walleriana na substância branca da medula espinhal de ovinos e caprinos são considerados achados incidentais (Hooper 1999, Jahns et al 2006.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Alterações no SNC e morfometria cerebelar de bovinos intoxicados experimentalmente por Solanum paniculatum

et al. 2012

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Some species of Solanum cause poisoning in ruminants clinically characterized by cerebellar disorders and microscopically lysosomal storage disease. There are no speciϐic necropsy injuries and microscopically occurs vacuolation and Purkinje cells loss. Since Solanum paniculatum is the species of greater occurrence in the Northeast region of Brazil and is responsible for spontaneous intoxication outbreaks in Pernambuco State, an experimental delineation was carried out to characterize the clinical and pathological condition of the intoxication. Five cattle were randomly allotted in two groups, with four animals in the experimental group (EG) and one animal as control (CG), with six months of age, no deϐined breed and weighting 120 kg. All animals were kept in stalls along 5 months in the Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns/UFRPE. All animals from the experimental group were fed 5g/ kg/body weight/day of the dried leaves of S. paniculatum which was mixed in the ration. The plant was collected in farms where outbreaks of intoxication were described. A Head Raising Test was weekly performed to determine the occurrence of any cerebellum clinical signs and when the result was positive the animal was submitted to a blood and cerebrospinal ϐluid sampling and subsequently euthanized. The CNS and rete mirabile were ϐixed in 10% buffered formalin and stained by hematoxylin-eosin for histological evaluation. Morphometric analysis of cerebellum injuries was accomplished. To evaluate the laboratory results, it was used descriptive analysis and in relation to morphometry the Student t test (p<0.05) was used in the counting of Purkinje cells and the thickness of the molecular layer of the cerebellum the Mann Whitney test, with 5% level of signiϐicance. Three animals showed clinical signs of intoxication a mean period of 90 days and one animal in155 days. Clinical signs involved transient seizure episodes and balance disturbance. At necropsy there were no speciϐic injuries of intoxication observed as well as changes in red and white cell blood count and liquor analysis. Histological examination showed mainly thin vacuolation of the pericardium, loss of Purkinje cells with Wallerian degeneration, spheroid axons in the granular layer and in the marrows white matter with astrocytes Bergman proliferation. Vacuolation and neuron necrosis were also observed in other sites the obex, cerebellum

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Age-related and Non-age—related Changes in 100 Surveyed Horse Brains

Cited by 27 publications

References 25 publications

Examination on the effectiveness of a glycerol injection at the trigeminal nerve as a basis for the treatment of headshaking in the horse

Examination on the effectiveness of a glycerol injection at the trigeminal nerve as a basis for the treatment of headshaking in the horse

Atlarda Yaşla İlgili Beyinde Oluşan Histopatolojik ve İmmunohistokimyasal Değişiklikler

Alterações no SNC e morfometria cerebelar de bovinos intoxicados experimentalmente por Solanum paniculatum

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