Age, period and cohort trends in drug abuse hospitalizations within the total Swedish population (1975–2010)

Giordano, G; Kendler, Kenneth S.; Winkleby, Marilyn A.; Sundquist, Kristina; Sundquist, Jan

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.11.011

Cited by 23 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…No additional covariates were included in the age-period-cohort models, since no potential confounders were identified using a directed acyclic graph (Bandoli, Palmsten, Flores, & Chambers; Williamson et al). This approach is consistent with previous age-period-cohort analysis of substance use (Giordano et al, 2014; W. C. L. Kerr, C.; Ye, Y., 2017; Miech & Koester, 2012; Piontek, Kraus, & Pabst, 2011).…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 88%

Past-month cannabis use among U.S. individuals from 2002–2015: An age-period-cohort analysis

Chawla

Yang

Desrosiers

et al. 2018

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug among U.S. adolescents and adults, but little is known about factors that drive trends in cannabis use prevalence. To better understand drivers of these trends, we aimed to estimate age, period, and cohort effects on past-month cannabis use among U.S. individuals age 12 and older from 2002 to 2015. Methods We conducted an age-period-cohort analysis on past-month cannabis use among participants ages 12 and older using National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), an annual cross-sectional nationally-representative survey of drug use. Additionally, we examined how age, period, and cohort effects differed across gender. Participants (n=779,799) self-reported cannabis patterns using a computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI). Results Past-month cannabis use in this population increased from 6.0% in 2002 to 8.1% in 2015. Distinct age, period, and cohort effects were observed. Compared to participants ages 12–13, participants ages 18–21 (PR: 16.8, 95% CI: 15.6, 18.1) and 22–25 (PR: 13.2, 95% CI: 12.2, 14.4) had dramatically higher prevalence of past-month cannabis use. Compared to participants in 2002, participants in 2014 (PR: 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.4) and 2014 (PR: 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.4) had slightly higher prevalence of past-month cannabis use. Compared to the 1940s birth cohort, the 1950s birth cohort (PR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.5, 2.2) had higher prevalence of past-month cannabis use. Conclusions Past-month cannabis use is prevalent and increasing among U.S. adults. Distinct age, period, and cohort effects are at play, though age effects are strongest.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 88%

Past-month cannabis use among U.S. individuals from 2002–2015: An age-period-cohort analysis

Chawla

Yang

Desrosiers

et al. 2018

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…However, a recent study of drug abuse in Sweden over four decades revealed that from 1997–2010, period and cohort effects on hospitalisations due to drug abuse have remained relatively stable (48). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unexpected adverse childhood experiences and subsequent drug use disorder: a Swedish population study (1995–2011)

et al. 2014

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Aims Exposure to extraordinary traumatic experience is one acknowledged risk factor for drug use. We aim to analyse the influence of potentially life-changing childhood stressors, experienced second-hand, on later drug use disorder in a national population of Swedish adolescent and young adults (aged 15–26 years). Design We performed Cox Proportional Hazard regression analyses, complemented with co-relative pair comparisons. Setting Sweden Participants All individuals in the Swedish population born 1984 to 1995, who were registered in Sweden at the end of the calendar year they turned 14 years of age. Our follow-up time (Mean: 6.2 years; Range 11 years) started at the year they turned 15 and continued to December 2011 (N=1,409,218). Measurements Our outcome variable was drug use disorder, identified from medical, legal and pharmacy registry records. Childhood stressors, as per DSM-IV stressor criteria, include death of an immediate family member and second-hand experience of diagnoses of malignant cancer, serious accidental injury, and victim of assault. Other covariates include parental divorce, familial psychological well-being, and familial drug and alcohol use disorders. Findings After adjustment for all considered confounders, individuals exposed to childhood stressors ‘parental death’ or ‘parental assault’ had over twice the risk of drug use disorder than those who were not (HR = 2.63 (2.23–3.09) and 2.39 (2.06–2.79), respectively). Conclusions Children under 15 who experience second-hand an extraordinary traumatic event (such as a parent or sibling being assaulted, diagnosed with cancer, or dying) appear to have approximately twice the risk of developing a drug use disorder than those who do not.

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“…Second, we have previously shown evidence for increased rates of DA in Sweden over the time period of our study (Giordano et al, 2013). We therefore explored whether incorporating these effects into our structural models would impact our parameter estimates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

A population-based Swedish Twin and Sibling Study of cannabis, stimulant and sedative abuse in men

Kendler

Maes

Sundquist

et al. 2015

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background Prior studies, utilizing interview-based assessments, suggest that most of the genetic risk factors for drug abuse (DA) are non-specific with a minority acting specifically on risk for abuse of particular psychoactive substance classes. We seek to replicate these findings using objective national registry data. Methods We examined abuse of cannabis, stimulants (including cocaine) and sedatives ascertained from national Swedish registers in male–male monozygotic (1720 pairs) and dizygotic twins (1219 pairs) combined with near-age full siblings (76,457 pairs) to provide sufficient power. Modeling was performed using Mx. Results A common pathway model fitted better than an independent pathway model. The latent liability to DA was highly heritable but also influenced by shared environment. Cannabis, stimulant and sedative abuse all loaded strongly on the common factor. Estimates for the total heritability for the three forms of substance abuse ranged from 64 to 70%. Between 75 and 90% of that genetic risk was non-specific, coming from the common factor with the remainder deriving from substance specific genetic risk factors. By contrast, all of the shared environmental effects, which accounted for 18–20% of the variance in liability, were non-specific. Conclusions In accord with prior studies based on personal interviews, the large preponderance of genetic risk factors for abuse of specific classes of psychoactive substance are non-specific. These results suggest that genetic variation in the primary sites of action of the psychoactive drugs, which differ widely across most drug classes, play a minor role in human individual differences in risk for DA.

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Age, period and cohort trends in drug abuse hospitalizations within the total Swedish population (1975–2010)

Cited by 23 publications

References 38 publications

Past-month cannabis use among U.S. individuals from 2002–2015: An age-period-cohort analysis

Past-month cannabis use among U.S. individuals from 2002–2015: An age-period-cohort analysis

Unexpected adverse childhood experiences and subsequent drug use disorder: a Swedish population study (1995–2011)

A population-based Swedish Twin and Sibling Study of cannabis, stimulant and sedative abuse in men

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