Age of the Last Major Scabland Flood of the Columbia Plateau in Eastern Washington

Mullineaux, Donal Ray; Wilcox, Ray E.; Ebaugh, Walter F.; Fryxell, Roald; Rubin, Meyer

doi:10.1016/0033-5894(78)90099-6

Cited by 79 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…2) similar to Mount St. HelensSet S tephras. Elemental proportions of CaO/FeO/K 2 0 reported by MULLINEAUX et al (1978) for Mount St. Helens-Set So and Set Sg tephra are similar to those obtained from electron microprobe analysis of the Idaho sample. However, pétro-graphie characterization supports a Mount St. Helens-Set Sg origin for the Idaho sample.…”

Section: Déterminations Pétrographiques Des Proportions De Hornblendesupporting

confidence: 74%

Glacial and Postglacial History of the White Cloud Peaks-Boulder Mountains, Idaho, U.S.A.

Cotter¹,

Bloomfield

Evenson

2007

gpq

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Glacial and glaciofluvial deposits are mapped and differentiated to develop new local, relative-age (RD) stratigraphies for the North Fork of the Big Lost River, Slate Creek and Pole Creek drainages in the White Cloud Peaks and Boulder Mountains, Idaho. This stratigraphic model expands the areal extent of the "Idaho glacial model". Volcanic ash samples collected from the study area are petrographically characterized and correlated, on the basis of mineralogy and glass geochemistry, to reference samples of identified Cascade Range tephras. Four distinct tephras are recognized including; Mount St. Helens-Set S (13,600-13,300 yr BP), Glacier Peak-Set B (11,250 yr BP), Mount Mazama (6600 yr BP) and Mount St. Helens-Set Ye (4350 yr BP). A core of lake sediments containing two tephra units was obtained from a site called "Pole Creek kettle". Pollen and sediment analyses indicate three intervals of late Pleistocene and Holocene climatic change. Cool and wet climatic conditions prevailed in the region shortly before and immediately following the deposition of the Glacier Peak-Set B ash (11,250 yr BP). Climatic warming occurred from approximately 10,500 to 6600 yr BP after which warm, dry conditions prevailed. Sediment accumulation in the kettle ceased by 4350 yr BP. The presence of Glacier Peak-Set B tephra in the base of the Pole Creek kettle core provides a minimum age of 11,250 yr BP for the retreat of valley glaciers from their Late Wisconsinan maximum position. A radiocarbon date of 8450 + 85 yr BP (SI-5181), and the presence of Mount Mazama ash (6600 yr BP) up-core support the Glacier Peak-Set B identification.La cartographie et l'identification des dépôts glaciaires et fluvioglaciaires a permis d'établir la stratigraphie locale des bassins du North Fork de la Big Lost River, du Pole Creek et du Slate Creek. Le modèle stratigraphique établi augmente la superficie déjà couverte par le modèle glaciaire de l'Idaho. Les échantillons de cendre volcanique prélevés ont été identifiés sur le plan pétrographique et mis en corrélation avec des tephras témoins provenant du Cascade Range, en se fondant sur la composition minérale et sur la géochimie du verre. On distingue quatre types de tephras: ceux de la série S du mont St. Helen's (13 600-13 300 BP), ceux de la série B du Glacier Peak (11 250 BP), ceux de la série S du mont St. Helen's (4350 BP) et ceux du mont Mazama (6600 BP). Une carotte de sédiments lacustres prélevée dans le kettle Pole Creek renferme deux tephras. L'analyse du pollen et des sédiments révèle l'existence de trois grands changements climatiques au Pleistocene supérieur et à l'Holocène: un climat frais et humide un peu avant et immédiatement après la mise en place des cendres de la série B du Glacier Peak (11 250 BP); une période de réchauffement (10 500-6600 BP); un climat chaud et sec. L'accumulation de sédiments dans le kettle prit fin vers 4350 BP. La présence du tephra de la série B du Glacier Peak à la base de la carotte donne la date minimale du retrait des glaciers de vallée (11 250 BP) à partir ...

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Section: Déterminations Pétrographiques Des Proportions De Hornblendesupporting

confidence: 74%

Glacial and Postglacial History of the White Cloud Peaks-Boulder Mountains, Idaho, U.S.A.

Cotter¹,

Bloomfield

Evenson

2007

gpq

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“…Table adapted The Hanford formation was deposited by cataclysmic floods that inundated the Pasco Basin a number of times during the Pleistocene, beginning as early as 1 million years ago (Baker et al 1991). The last major flood sequence is dated at about 13,000 years ago by the presence of Mount St. Helens "S" tephra (Mullineaux et al 1978) interbedded with the flood deposits. The number and timing of cataclysmic floods continues to be debated.…”

Section: Hanford Formation and Pre-missoula Gravelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainty Analysis Framework - Hanford Site-Wide Groundwater Flow and Transport Model

Cole¹,

Bergeron²,

Murray³

et al. 2001

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SummaryAt the request of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) embarked on a new initiative to strengthen the technical defensibility of the Hanford site-wide groundwater model (SGM) used to make groundwater flow and transport predictions at the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site in southeastern Washington State (Figure 1.1). The initial focus of the initiative is the characterization of major uncertainties in the current conceptual model that would affect model predictions. The long-term goals of the initiative are the development and implementation of a stochastic uncertainty estimation methodology in future assessments and analyses using the site-wide groundwater model. This report focuses on the development and implementation of the uncertainty analysis framework. The overall technical approach for this framework will closely follow the recommendations of the SGM external peer review panel made in 1999 (Gorelick et al. 1999). As suggested by the panel, the framework being developed acknowledges the inherent uncertainty in conceptual model representations and associated model inputs and thus in any predictions. This new framework acknowledges that prescribed processes, physical features, initial and boundary conditions, system stresses, field data, and model parameter values are not known and cannot be known with certainty and, as a result, predictions of heads and concentrations in three dimensions over time will be uncertain as well. The approach will specifically address those areas of special interest that were identified by the expert panel. These include uncertainty related to• alternative model structures and constructs of processes (e.g., different zonation, different boundary conditions, large-scale features, stresses, and chemical reactions)• model parameters• model scale and resolution issues.This report represents one of the first steps in development of this new SGM uncertainty framework by• identifying the types of assessments for which the SGM will likely be applied (Section 2)• discussing the various sources of uncertainty and the issues associated with the assessment of uncertainty as they relate to the development of this new framework for assessment of uncertainty in the Hanford SGM predictions. The sources of uncertainty include the most common high-level categories: uncertainty resulting from natural variability, model structure, and model parameters (Section 3).• providing a detailed description of the current conceptual model of the Hanford Site unconfined aquifer system that includes an assessment of the uncertainties and issues associated with that model (Section 4), the well picks used in the current interpretation of the hydrostratigraphic structure (Appendix A), and the results of a literature search that developed an initial bibliography and iii assessment regarding the various potential intercommunication mechanisms between the unconfined aquifer system and the uppermost confined aquifer system in the underlying basalts (Appendix ...

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“…The oldest Quaternaryage volcanic layer observed at the Hanford Site is the Mount St. Helens "set S" layer. This layer was dated at 13,000 years ago using a technique that relates time to the reference year 1950 (Mullineaux et al 1978). All subsequent time estimates are relative to this reference year.…”

Section: D22 Volcanic Time Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Assessment

1999

International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings

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SummaryLockheed Martin Hanford Company (LMHC) is designing and assessing the performance of disposal facilities to receive radioactive wastes that are currently stored in single -and double -shell tanks at the Hanford Site. The preferred method of disposing of the portion that is classified as immobilized lowactivity waste (ILAW) is to vitrify the waste and place the product in near-surface, shallow-land burial facilities. The LMHC project to assess the performance of these disposal facilities is known as the Hanford ILAW Performance Assessment (PA) Activity, hereafter called the ILAW PA project. The goal of this project is to provide a reasonable expectation that the disposal of the waste is protective of the general public, groundwater resources, air resources, surface-water resources, and inadvertent intruders. Achieving this goal will require predictions of contaminant migration from the facility. To make such predictions will require estimates of the fluxes of water moving through the sediments within the vadose zone around and beneath the disposal facility. These fluxes, loosely called recharge rates, are the primary mechanism for transporting contaminants to the groundwater.Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) assists LMHC in their performance assessment activities. One of the PNNL tasks is to provide estimates of recharge rates for current conditions and long-term scenarios involving the shallow-land disposal of ILAW. Specifically, recharge estimates are needed for a fully functional surface cover, the cover sideslope, and the immediately surrounding terrain. In addition, recharge estimates are needed for degraded cover conditions. The temporal scope of the analysis is 10,000 years, but could be longer if some contaminant peaks occur after 10,000 years.The elements of this report compose the Recharge Data Package, which provides estimates of recharge rates for the scenarios being considered in the 2001 PA. Table S.1 identifies the surface features and time periods evaluated. The most important feature, the surface cover, is expected to be the modified RCRA Subtitle C design. This design uses a 1-m-thick silt loam layer above sand and gravel filter layers to create a capillary break. A 0.15-m-thick asphalt layer underlies the filter layers to function as a backup barrier and to promote lateral drainage. Cover sideslopes are expected to be constructed with 1V:10H slopes using sandy gravel. The recharge estimates for each scenario were derived from lysimeter and tracer data collected by the ILAW PA and other projects and from modeling analyses.For the best estimate case, we proposed using a recharge rate of 0.1 mm/yr for the surface cover with a shrub-steppe plant community. This rate is lower than the cover design goal of 0.5 mm/yr because it is closer to the actual drainage rate measured with lysimeters and inferred with modeling. The simulation results showed that erosion of 20% of the silt loam layer did not impair this performance nor did the deposition of 20 cm of dune sand. For the sandy grav...

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Age of the Last Major Scabland Flood of the Columbia Plateau in Eastern Washington

Cited by 79 publications

References 15 publications

Glacial and Postglacial History of the White Cloud Peaks-Boulder Mountains, Idaho, U.S.A.

Glacial and Postglacial History of the White Cloud Peaks-Boulder Mountains, Idaho, U.S.A.

Uncertainty Analysis Framework - Hanford Site-Wide Groundwater Flow and Transport Model

Performance Assessment

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