Age of language learning shapes brain structure: A cortical thickness study of bilingual and monolingual individuals

The neuroanatomy of bilingualism: how to turn a hazy view into the full picture

“…although CT results are difficult to interpret, it seems that Klein et al's correlation results (Klein et al, 2014) between CT and L2 AoA are in line with correlation results in GM volume/density and ultimately are also consistent with what would be expected for the IFG and parietal regions (Kanai & Rees, 2011;Winkler et al, 2010).…”

“…Some of the studies used alternatives to the traditional methods of VBM and ROI-based analysis and analyzed the whole brain to reveal effects of bilingualism in the IFG and in the connections between there and other regions (Luk et al, 2011;Klein et al, 2014;García-Pentón et al, 2014). Furthermore, others studies support these results showing that this region is also sensitive to L2 AoA and proficiency (Grogan et al, 2012;Hosoda et al, 2013;Klein et al, 2014).…”

“…In a later study also using a ROI approach, Abutalebi et al On the other hand, Klein et al (2014) showed that CT correlates positively with L2…”

“…Hypothesis (Abutalebi & Green, 2007;Green & Abutalebi, 2013), there is just one region predicted by the model that consistently shows up across studies as a structural difference due to bilingualism: the left/right IFG (Hosoda et al, 2013;Klein et al, 2014;Grogan et al, 2012;Luk et al, 2011;García-Pentón et al, 2014). Some of the studies used alternatives to the traditional methods of VBM and ROI-based analysis and analyzed the whole brain to reveal effects of bilingualism in the IFG and in the connections between there and other regions (Luk et al, 2011;Klein et al, 2014;García-Pentón et al, 2014).…”

“…Some of the studies used alternatives to the traditional methods of VBM and ROI-based analysis and analyzed the whole brain to reveal effects of bilingualism in the IFG and in the connections between there and other regions (Luk et al, 2011;Klein et al, 2014;García-Pentón et al, 2014). Furthermore, others studies support these results showing that this region is also sensitive to L2 AoA and proficiency (Grogan et al, 2012;Hosoda et al, 2013;Klein et al, 2014). Additionally, several WM structural studies also confirmed differences between bilinguals and monolinguals in the tracts connecting IFG with many other regions in the frontal lobe (including the contralateral side) and the temporal, parietal and occipital regions in the back of the brain, specifically the CC (Luk et al, 2011;Pliatsikas et al, 2015;Gold et al, 2013;Mohades et al, 2012) and the IFOF (Luk et al, 2011;Pliatsikas et al, 2015;Mohades et al, 2012;Gold et al, 2013;Cummine & Boliek, 2013).…”