Age-of-Information in Practice: Status Age Measured Over TCP/IP Connections Through WiFi, Ethernet and LTE

Ultra-reliable and low-latency communications: applications, opportunities and challenges

“…Not just in theory, AoI and PAoI are also used in many scenarios, including the vehicular network [64], correlated updates from multiple cameras [65], the context of industrial cyber-physical system [66], CSMA/CA based wireless networks [67], real-life connections [68], TCP/IP links for WiFi, 4G-LTE, 3G, 2G and Ethernet services [69], exchanging systems [70,71], shared-access channel, differential encoding of temporally correlated updates [72], and game-theoretic approaches to network resource allocation for updating sources [73].…”

Age of Information in Practice

“…There have been a relatively small number of implementation studies on AoI to date [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. The goal of this chapter is to compile and discuss some results on practical aspects of AoI from this burgeoning literature.…”

“…The first emulation study of AoI in wireless links was reported in [1], and the first real-life implementation measuring the variation of AoI over TCP/IP links served by WiFi, LTE, 3G, 2G and Ethernet was demonstrated in [2]. The experimental AoI measurement results reported in [2], exhibit a non-monotone (specifically, "U-shaped") AoI vs arrival rate characteristic for TCP/IP connections served by Wifi, Ethernet and LTE links. This measured charecteristic is in line with theoretical results for FCFS systems with Poisson or Gamma distributed arrivals [10].…”

“…According to the U-shaped relation between AoI and sampling rate in the real-life TCP/IP connection in [2], the age first falls sharply as the update arrival rate increases. Then, it stays relatively flat.…”

Evaluation of Age Control Protocol (ACP) and ACP+ on ESP32

“…An open-source network emulator was used to investigate the AoI in wireless access in [10]. A similar study in [11] combined emulation and real-world AoI measurement experiments, reporting AoI measurements for an end-to-end data flows traversing wireless/wired links, affected by various medium access, transport, and network layer scenarios. Effect of synchronization error on AoI measurement and a solution for calculating an estimate of average AoI without any synchronization requirements has been shown in [12].…”