Age, Gender, and Side Differences of Cutaneous Electrical Perceptual Threshold Testing in an Able-Bodied Population

Leong, Grace; Lauschke, Jenny L.; Rutowski, Susan B.; Waite, Phil M.E.

doi:10.1080/10790268.2010.11689702

Cited by 20 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…However, sex differences were not exhibited by analyzing data from males of high body fat percentage and females of low body fat percentage. These results support previous reports , and suggest that body fat percentage affects perception threshold. To explain the relationship between body fat percentage and perception threshold, we considered an anatomical tissue structure under the electrode.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Previous studies have reported sex differences in perception sensitivity for electrical stimulation regardless of electrode type or stimulation site (1,2,(7)(8)(9)11). We observed similar results in this study for all electrodes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although there are obvious differences in CPT between males and females, the reason for this difference remains unexplained. Past studies have suggested factors that affect sex differences in CPT, including the skinfold thickness or quantity of fat tissue (7)(8)(9). However, researchers have not confirmed whether these sex differences disappear after adjusting for the subjects' characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Factors Affecting and Adjustments for Sex Differences in Current Perception Threshold With Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation in Healthy Subjects

Seno

Shimazu

Kogure

et al. 2019

Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface

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Objective Current perception threshold (CPT) measurement is a noninvasive, easy, and semi‐objective method for determining sensory function using transcutaneous electrical stimulation. Previous studies have shown that CPT is determined by physical characteristics, such as sex, age, physical sites, and presence of neuropathy. Although the CPT reported in males is clearly higher than that in females, the reason for this difference remains unclear. This study investigates the cause of sex‐based differences in CPT and suggests an adjustment method, which may suppress the sex difference in CPT. Materials and Methods Electrical stimulation was applied with PainVision® via five sizes of circular surface electrodes. Seventy healthy participants were examined thrice under each electrode. The relationship among body water percentage, body fat percentage, and CPT was then analyzed. Results CPT values are higher in males than that in females, with statistically significant sex differences with each electrode pairs (EL 1: p < 0.001; EL 2: p = 0.006; EL 3: p < 0.001; EL 4: p < 0.001; EL 5: p < 0.001). By adjusting for body fat percentage or body water percentage, the log‐transformation values (CPT values) no longer exhibit sex differences with any electrode pairs (body fat: p = 0.09; body water: p = 0.08). Conclusion We conclude that sensitivity for perceiving electrical stimulation can be influenced by the subjects' characteristics, such as body fat or body water percentages.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Factors Affecting and Adjustments for Sex Differences in Current Perception Threshold With Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation in Healthy Subjects

Seno

Shimazu

Kogure

et al. 2019

Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…An EPT value was considered 'normal' if it was within 2SD of the mean for that dermatome in the gender-adjusted normogram, 11 'abnormal' when it was >2SD of the mean value. As in previous studies, at 10 mA the stimulation was stopped and a lack of response from the subject was noted as an 'absent' EPT value.…”

Section: 11mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SD of able-bodied subjects 11 was used to allow for comparison, as the SCI sample size of N = 17 is too small to compute a reliable normogram. EPT changes were assessed over the whole period (1-6 months) and subsequently for the first and second 3-month intervals separately.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Eptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in electrical perceptual threshold in the first 6 months following spinal cord injury

Lauschke¹,

Leong²,

Rutkowski³

et al. 2011

The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine

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Objectives: To investigate the use of electrical perceptual threshold (EPT) testing to follow the natural history of sensory progression after complete and incomplete acute spinal cord injury (SCI) and to compare EPT changes with the American Spinal Injuries Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS). Study Design: Prospective descriptive study. Methods: ASIA examination and EPT testing was performed on 17 patients (7 AIS A, 10 AIS B-D), within 1, 3, and 6 months after acute SCI. EPT assessment was carried out bilaterally at ASIA sensory points from 2 levels above the neurological level to all levels below, including the sacral segments. Comparisons of EPT values above, at, and below the SCI were made at the three time points as well as comparisons of EPT data to ASIA assessment. Results: There was poor agreement between lowest normal level on EPT and ASIA assessment. Over time, EPTs tended to deteriorate above and at the ASIA level in AIS A patients with modest changes below the neurological level of injury (NLI), mainly where EPTs correlated with the zone of partial preservation. Sacral sparing was detected in one patient with EPT testing, but not with ASIA assessment. AIS B-D patients showed improvement at the ASIA level and extensive changes, both improvement and deterioration, below the NLI. Conclusion: EPT testing has sufficient sensitivity to detect subclinical changes in sensory function as early as the first month post-SCI, which is not apparent in ASIA examination. In particular, the testing is able to show abnormalities at and around the injury site for both complete and incomplete SCI. In addition, EPT allows for the detection and monitoring of alterations, both improvements and deterioration, in the abnormal range of sensation.

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Sensory experiences questionnaire unravels differences in sensory profiles between MECP2‐related disorders

Suter,

Pehlivan,

et al. 2024

Autism Research

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The methyl CpG‐binding protein‐2 (MECP2) gene is located on the Xq28 region. Loss of function mutations or increased copies of MECP2 result in Rett syndrome (RTT) and MECP2 duplication syndrome (MDS), respectively. Individuals with both disorders exhibit overlapping autism symptoms, yet few studies have dissected the differences between these gene dosage sensitive disorders. Further, research examining sensory processing patterns in persons with RTT and MDS is largely absent. Thus, the goal of this study was to analyze and compare sensory processing patterns in persons with RTT and MDS. Towards this goal, caregivers of 50 female individuals with RTT and 122 male individuals with MDS, between 1 and 46 years of age, completed a standardized measure of sensory processing, the Sensory Experiences Questionnaire. Patterns detected in both disorders were compared against each other and against normative values. We found sensory processing abnormalities for both hyper‐ and hypo‐sensitivity in both groups. Interestingly, abnormalities in MDS were more pronounced compared with in RTT, particularly with items concerning hypersensitivity and sensory seeking, but not hyposensitivity. Individuals with MDS also exhibited greater sensory symptoms compared with RTT in the areas of tactile and vestibular sensory processing and for both social and nonsocial stimuli. This study provides a first description of sensory symptoms in individuals with RTT and individuals with MDS. Similar to other neurodevelopmental disorders, a variety of sensory processing abnormalities was found. These findings reveal a first insight into sensory processing abnormalities caused by a dosage sensitive gene and may ultimately help guide therapeutic approaches for these disorders.

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Age, Gender, and Side Differences of Cutaneous Electrical Perceptual Threshold Testing in an Able-Bodied Population

Cited by 20 publications

References 28 publications

Factors Affecting and Adjustments for Sex Differences in Current Perception Threshold With Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation in Healthy Subjects

Factors Affecting and Adjustments for Sex Differences in Current Perception Threshold With Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation in Healthy Subjects

Changes in electrical perceptual threshold in the first 6 months following spinal cord injury

Sensory experiences questionnaire unravels differences in sensory profiles between MECP2‐related disorders

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