Age, Gender, and Ethnicity Differences in Patterns of Cocaine and Ethanol Use Preceding Suicide

Garlow, Steven J.

doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.615

Cited by 70 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Previously we reported that rates of ethanol and cocaine use preceding suicide differed by demographic group, with a larger proportion of whites than blacks having used alcohol before death and more blacks having used cocaine (16). Within each ethnic group, the two genders were essentially identical in rates of presuicide alcohol or cocaine use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Ethnic Differences in Patterns of Suicide Across the Life Cycle

Garlow¹,

Purselle²,

Heninger³

2005

AJP

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Ethnic Differences in Patterns of Suicide Across the Life Cycle

Garlow¹,

Purselle²,

Heninger³

2005

AJP

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“…La mayoría de los estudios realizados en Chile exploran el consumo de sustancias de abuso en adolescentes sobre los 12 o 13 años 3,27,31,[40][41][42][43] . Estudios muestran que a más temprana edad el inicio del consumo de alcohol, mayor es la probabilidad de tener problemas asociados al consumo excesivo de alcohol en la adolescencia tardía 18 , de dependencia a sustancias en la edad adulta 18 , suicidio 44 , violencia 45 y problemas conductuales 5 . Además, el inicio precoz del uso de alcohol o tabaco tienen un mayor riesgo de bajo rendimiento académico 46,47 .…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Consumo de tabaco y alcohol en adolescentes de 10 a 14 años de la ciudad de San Felipe, Chile: prevalencia y factores asociados

et al. 2016

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' smoking, or parental alcohol use. (Rev Med Chile 2016; 144: 465-475; sin embargo, hay autores que la extienden hasta mediados de los veinte años 7,8 . Debido a sus características, es posible dividirla en tres periodos: adolescencia temprana (10 a 13 años), media (14 a 16 años) y tardía (17 a 19 años) 9 . En particular, los adolescentes entre 10 y 13 años experimentan muchos estresores y modificaciones en su vida cotidiana, a nivel personal y de su entorno 10 . Por ejemplo, durante este período se producen cambios rápidos a nivel físico relacionados con el desarrollo sexual 10 y cambios cerebrales en las funciones ejecutivas y cognición social 11,12 . A su vez, los adolescentes se enfrentan a varias demandas psicosociales, como la lucha por reducir su dependencia hacia los padres, una creciente influencia e importancia del apego a sus pares y la búsqueda de la identidad personal 13,14 . También debemos considerar que este período está marcado por el desarrollo de distintas características a nivel cerebral, fundamentales para una mejor adaptación de adultos 7 : búsqueda de novedades, involucramiento social, intensidad emocional y creatividad 15 . Todo lo anterior, si bien es parte del desarrollo normal, y la gran mayoría de los adolescentes transita por este período sin grandes problemas, en algunos casos podemos observar dificultades en el desarrollo 16 . El consumo de sustancias de abuso en Chile parece estar comenzando a edades cada vez más tempranas 3 . Mientras más precoz es el inicio del consumo de una sustancia como el alcohol, mayor es la probabilidad de que este consumo se mantenga en el tiempo, genere trastornos psiquiátricos, y aumente la probabilidad de accidentes en la población adolescente 17,18 . Por otro lado, el uso precoz de tabaco y alcohol parecen aumentar la probabilidad del uso de drogas ilegales 17,19,20 . Los factores de riesgo y protectores asociados al uso de sustancias pueden agruparse, según el dominio de influencia, en: individuales, familiares, escolares, de pares y del entorno social o comunitario 21,22 . Varios factores han sido identificados a nivel internacional 22,23 , pero se hace necesario el estudio de ellos a nivel local para poder elaborar estrategias preventivas específicas, incorporando las necesidades de esa comunidad 22,24 . Pocos estudios en Chile han explorado el consumo de tabaco y alcohol en adolescentes de entre 10 y 14 años [25][26][27][28][29][30][31] , especialmente en el grupo de 10 a 13 años y sus factores asociados 32 . Los objetivos de esta investigación son determinar la prevalencia de vida del consumo de tabaco y alcohol en adolescentes entre 10 y 14 años, y estudiar su asociación con factores personales, familiares y escolares, usando como variables confundentes sexo, edad y nivel socioeconómico. Material y Método ParticipantesSe invitó a participar a 10 colegios urbanos de la comuna de San Felipe, a cursos de 5° a 8° Básico, representativos de cada nivel socioeconó-mico (NSE): alto, medio y bajo. Se utilizó como referencia del NSE la clasificación d...

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“…Only recently have researchers been able to outline a more detailed profile of Blacks most at risk for suicide completion. Conwell, 2004;Garlow, 2002;Marzuk et al, 1992), poor social support (Joe et al, in press;Kaslow et al, 2004;Kimbrough, Molock, & Walton, 1996), family dysfunction (Fernquist, 2004;Ialongo et al, 2002;O'Donnell, O'Donnell, Wardlaw, & Stueve, 2004;Summerville, Kaslow, Abbate, & Cronan, 1994), and access to firearms (Joe & Kaplan, 2002;Kaplan & Geling, 1998). In spite of such empirical advances, little is known as to why Blacks have experienced changes in their rates of suicide.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Explaining Changes in the Patterns of Black Suicide in the United States From 1981 to 2002: An Age, Cohort, and Period Analysis

Joe

2006

Journal of Black Psychology

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To explore the different trends of suicide incidence among Blacks and possible contributing factors, the current study compared national epidemiologic data of suicide in the United States from 1981 to 2002. For the first time, period and birth-cohort effects on the incidence trends of Black suicide were evaluated using an age-period-cohort analysis. Cohort effects were found for males and females, suggesting that younger generations of Blacks are at higher risk. If younger cohorts carry their increased suicide risk into later life, then the recent decline in Black suicide rates will be reversed.The results of the current study are only interpretable in terms of group-level characteristics and population suicide rates and not individual-level characteristics. The possible explanation and the implications for prevention and future research are discussed. KeywordsBlacks; suicide; trends; cohort effects; APC analysis In recent years, suicide has emerged as a crucial health issue for Blacks, particularly among youth (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 1998; Institute of Medicine, 2002; U.S. Public Health Service, 2000). For the purposes of this article, "Black" is used as a label for Americans of African descent and refers to ethnicity and not nationality. Although suicide has traditionally been viewed as a problem that affected more Whites, there have been significant changes in the patterns of suicide among Blacks (Griffith & Bell, 1989;Joe & Kaplan, 2001), namely an increase in the rate of suicide completion (Garlow, Purselle, & Heninger, 2005) and nonfatal suicidal behavior (Joe & Marcus, 2003) among younger Blacks. Suicide is now the third-leading cause of death for Black adolescents aged 15 to 24 (Kochanek, Murphy, Anderson, & Scott, 2004). Despite increasing recognition of the public health significance of these changes, explanations for this phenomenon remain speculative and incomplete. Given that the Black population is projected to double by 2050, the creation of evidence-based interventions to keep succeeding cohorts of younger Blacks from suicide is an extremely important public health objective.Why were previous generations of Blacks able to endure centuries of epic cruelty, also managing to avoid succumbing to hopelessness and depression, whereas recent generations experience higher rates of suicide, especially among the young? Suicide research on people of African heritage is at an early stage of development. Only recently have researchers been able to outline a more detailed profile of Blacks most at risk for suicide completion. Conwell, 2004;Garlow, 2002;Marzuk et al., 1992), poor social support (Joe et al., in press;Kaslow et al., 2004;Kimbrough, Molock, & Walton, 1996), family dysfunction (Fernquist, 2004;Ialongo et al., 2002;O'Donnell, O'Donnell, Wardlaw, & Stueve, 2004;Summerville, Kaslow, Abbate, & Cronan, 1994), and access to firearms (Joe & Kaplan, 2002;Kaplan & Geling, 1998). In spite of such empirical advances, little is known as to why Blacks have experienced chang...

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Age, Gender, and Ethnicity Differences in Patterns of Cocaine and Ethanol Use Preceding Suicide

Abstract: Intoxicant use preceding suicide occurred in specific age-, ethnic-, and gender-based patterns.

Cited by 70 publications

References 13 publications

Ethnic Differences in Patterns of Suicide Across the Life Cycle

Ethnic Differences in Patterns of Suicide Across the Life Cycle

Consumo de tabaco y alcohol en adolescentes de 10 a 14 años de la ciudad de San Felipe, Chile: prevalencia y factores asociados

Explaining Changes in the Patterns of Black Suicide in the United States From 1981 to 2002: An Age, Cohort, and Period Analysis

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