Age effects on the development of stimulus over-selectivity are mediated by cognitive flexibility and selective attention

Abstract

Stimulus over-selectivity is said to have occurred when only a limited subset of the total number of stimuli present during discrimination learning controls behavior, thus, restricting learning about the range, breadth, or all features of a stimulus. The current study investigated over-selectivity of 100 typically developing children, aged 3–7 (mean = 65.50 ± 17.31 SD months), using a visual discrimination task. Developmental trends in over-selectivity and their relationship to some cognitive variables (i.e., selective attention, sustained attention, and cognitive flexibility) were the target. Over-selectivity decreased with age, but this effect was mediated by the development of cognitive flexibility. Over-selectivity increased when a distractor task was introduced, which was not mediated by the other cognitive variables under investigation. The current results assist in the establishment of the theoretical underpinnings of over-selectivity by offering evidence of its underlying determinants and relating these to developmental trends.

Revaluation of overselected stimuli: Emergence of control by underselected stimuli depends on degree of overselectivity

“…Such stimulus overselectivity can lead to difficulties with acquisition, maintenance, and/or generalization of discrimination learning. Overselectivity has been observed in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; e.g., Dube et al, 2010; Kelly et al, 2015; Leader et al, 2009; see Ploog, 2010, for a review) and also in preschool‐aged children (Kelly & Reed, 2021), older adults aged 60 to 89 (Kelly et al, 2016; McHugh & Reed, 2007; McHugh et al, 2010), and typically developing humans under high cognitive load (Broomfield et al, 2010; Reed & Gibson, 2005; Reed et al, 2011; Reed, Altweck, et al, 2012).…”