Age distribution and iron dependency of the T2 relaxation time in the globus pallidus and putamen

Schenker, C; Meier, D.; Wichmann, W.; Boesiger, Peter; Valavanis, Anton

doi:10.1007/bf00593967

Cited by 118 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The volume-corrected intensities for the globus pallidus and putamen essentially plateau by the fifth decade, whereas the red nucleus and substantia nigra continue to have a gradually declining intensity through life. These findings agree quite well with the landmark work of Hallgren and Sourander 1 as well as with the iron-staining experiments by Drayer et al 17 The initial rapid mineralization of the globus pallidus has been reported in other MR studies, 14,15,31 though there is some disagreement about what occurs later in life. Hallgren and Sourander 1 and Schenker et al 31 postulate that the globus pallidus reaches iron saturation before the age of 40, whereas Milton et al 14 observe that middle-aged and elderly adults show increased iron content compared with young adults.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Mineralization of the Deep Gray Matter with Age: A Retrospective Review with Susceptibility-Weighted MR Imaging

Harder¹,

Hopp²,

Ward³

et al. 2007

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

107

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Mineralization of the Deep Gray Matter with Age: A Retrospective Review with Susceptibility-Weighted MR Imaging

Harder¹,

Hopp²,

Ward³

et al. 2007

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

107

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“…However, methodological problems may have influenced the results of this study. For example, a signal loss in the globus pallidus, caused by its magnetic susceptibility effect with the T2-weighted spin-echo sequence (Schenker et al, 1993), may limit the dorsal delineation of the ROI. Furthermore, in linear measurements the angle of the section plane affects the thickness of the tissue.…”

Section: Age and Disease-related Changes In The Magnocellular Basal Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereotaxic probabilistic maps of the magnocellular cell groups in human basal forebrain

et al. 2008

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The basal forebrain contains several interdigitating anatomical structures, including the diagonal band of Broca, the basal nucleus of Meynert, the ventral striatum, and also cell groups underneath the globus pallidus that bridge the centromedial amygdala to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Among the cell populations, the magnocellular, cholinergic corticopetal projection neurons have received particular attention due to their loss in Alzheimer's disease. In MRI images, the precise delineation of these structures is difficult due to limited spatial resolution and contrast. Here, using microscopic delineations in ten human postmortem brains, we present stereotaxic probabilistic maps of the basal forebrain areas containing the magnocellular cell groups. Cytoarchitectonic mapping was performed in silver stained histological serial sections. The positions and the extent of the magnocellular cell groups within the septum (Ch1-2), the horizontal limb of the diagonal band (Ch3), and in the sublenticular part of the basal forebrain (Ch4) were traced in high-resolution digitized histological sections, 3D reconstructed, and warped to the reference space of the MNI single subject brain. The superposition of the cytoarchitectonic maps in the MNI brain shows the intersubject variability of the various Ch compartments and their stereotaxic position relative to other brain structures. Both the right and left Ch4 regions showed significantly smaller volumes when age was considered as a covariate. Probabilistic maps of compartments of the basal forebrain magnocellular system are now available as an open source reference for correlation with fMRI, PET, and structural MRI data of the living human brain.

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“…There are a number of possible interpretations for this finding. For example, it is well known that iron concentrations, which can affect MR signal intensity, increase with age and are most prominent in the basal ganglia (Schenker et al, 1993;Vymazal et al, 1995). Thus, greater iron deposition could result in less activity in this region for adults.…”

Section: Developmental Differences Within Disparate Brain Regionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissociating Striatal and Hippocampal Function Developmentally with a Stimulus–Response Compatibility Task

et al. 2002

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The current study examined the development of cognitive and neural systems involved in overriding a learned action in favor of a new one using a stimulus-response compatibility task and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Eight right-handed adults (mean age, 22-30 years), and eight children (7-11 years) were scanned while they performed a task. Both children and adults were less accurate for incompatible stimulus-response mappings than compatible ones; the children's performance was significantly worse. The comparison of the incompatible and compatible conditions showed large volumes of activity in the ventral prefrontal cortex, ventral caudate nucleus, thalamus, and hippocampus. Striatal activity correlated with the percentage of errors in overriding the old stimulus-response association. The hippocampal activity correlated with the reaction time to make a response to a new stimulus-response mapping that required the reversal of a prior association between a stimulus and a response location. Developmental differences were observed in the volume of striatal/pallidal and hippocampal/parahippocampal activity in that these regions were larger and extended more ventrally in children relative to adults. These results suggest that with maturation and learning, projections to and from these regions may become more refined and focal. Moreover, these findings are consistent with the role of ventral frontostriatal circuitry in overriding habitual and well learned actions and hippocampal systems in learning and reversing associations between a given stimulus and spatial location. Key words: development; basal ganglia; hippocampus; imaging; learning; fMRI; childrenThe ability to override competing actions is a key component of cognitive functioning (Kahneman et al., 1983;Baddeley, 1986;Shallice, 1988;Cohen and Servan-Schreiber, 1992;Desimone and Duncan, 1995); it becomes more efficient with age (Harnishfeger and Bjorkland, 1993). In other words, immature cognition is characterized by greater susceptibility to interference from competing actions (Diamond, 1990;Brainerd and Reyna, 1993;Dempster, 1993;Casey et al., 2001Casey et al., , 2002Munakata and Yerys, 2001), as evidenced in children when performing Stroopinterference tasks (Tipper et al., 1989), card sorting (Zelazo et al., 1996;Munakata and Yerys 2001), and go-no-go tasks (Luria, 1961; Casey et al., 1997a,b;Vaidya et al., 1998). In all cases, children have more difficulty making the correct response when there is interference from competing response alternatives.Overriding well learned actions in favor of new ones and the development of neural subsystems underlying this ability is the focus of this paper. In essence, how does the less mature system recruit brain regions when making a new response to a given stimulus relative to making a well learned response to that same stimulus (i.e., stimulus-response incompatibility)? This ability involves both overriding an old association while simultaneously learning a new one. The ability to shift between behavioral sets has...

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Age distribution and iron dependency of the T2 relaxation time in the globus pallidus and putamen

Cited by 118 publications

References 20 publications

Mineralization of the Deep Gray Matter with Age: A Retrospective Review with Susceptibility-Weighted MR Imaging

Mineralization of the Deep Gray Matter with Age: A Retrospective Review with Susceptibility-Weighted MR Imaging

Stereotaxic probabilistic maps of the magnocellular cell groups in human basal forebrain

Dissociating Striatal and Hippocampal Function Developmentally with a Stimulus–Response Compatibility Task

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