Age differences in the speed and capacity of information processing: I. A dual-task approach.

Wickens, Christopher D.; Braune, Rolf; Stokes, Alan F.

doi:10.1037/0882-7974.2.1.70

Cited by 90 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Impaired levels of performance have been observed in elderly subjects on divided attention paradigms (Inglis & Caird, 1963;McDowd & Craik, 1988;Salthouse, Rogan, & Prill, 1984;Tun et aI., 1991;Wright, 1981). However, many studies have also failed to observe age differences in divided attention (e.g., Baddeley, Logie, Bressi, Della Sala, & Spinnler, 1986;Belleville, Malenfant, et aI., 1992;Somberg & Salthouse, 1982;Wickens, Braune, & Stokes, 1987). The discrepancy observed here might relate to the failure of previously used paradigms to control for the processing requirement of the individual tasks.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 53%

Effect of normal aging on the manipulation of information in working memory

1998

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The goal of this study is to examine the central executive of working memory in normal aging, specifically focusing on its capacities to manipulate or modify the format of the to-be-recalled material. The central executive was measured with the alphabetical span procedure, during which subjects were asked to recall a random series of words in their alphabetical order. The storage demand was equalized across subjects by adjusting the list lengths according to individual span. Experiments 1, 2, and 3 showed that elderly subjects were not impaired in manipulating information, relative to young controls, even when the difficulty of the task was increased. In Experiment 4, validity was tested by asking young subjects to perform the task under the conditions of full or divided attention. Alphabetical recall was more impaired than direct recall during the divided attention condition, which suggests a larger involvement of the central executive component in the former. These results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis of a central executive impairment being associated with normal aging.Working memory (WM) is a short-term memory system involved in tasks that require concurrent retention and processing (Baddeley, 1986;Baddeley & Hitch, 1974, 1994Salthouse, 1994). In Baddeley's theoretical framework, WM is a tripartite system composed of two specialized slave systems-the phonological loop and the visuo spatial sketchpad-and a central executive. The phonological loop contributes to the retention ofverbal information and is subdivided into a passive phonological store and a rehearsal procedure. The visuospatial sketchpad holds images and spatial information. The central executive is an attentional component involved in the control and distribution oflimited resources (Baddeley, 1986(Baddeley, , 1992Baddeley & Hitch, 1974). This study focuses on the manipulation capacities of the central executive in normal aging. Manipulation is defined as the process of actively and consciously modifying the format of the information to be recalled. Within a WM framework, manipulation would require involvement of the central executive component.This work was supported by a grant from the Medical Research Council of Canada (MRC; PG-28) and from Ie Fond de la Recherche en Sante du Quebec (FRSQ) to S,8., by a chercheur-boursier fellowship from the FRSQ to S.8., and by a scholarship from the FCAR to N.R. and N,C. The authors thank Laurent Mottron, Francois Crepeau, Geoffrey R. Loftus, Frank Bellezza, and Leah Light for their helpful comments on an earlier version of the text Thanks to Michel Lamoureux and Jean-Francois Angers for statistical advice, as well as to Fanny Guerin, Sherif Karama, and Sonia Litalien for testing assistance. Special thanks to Rodolphe Sauvage for conducting Experiment 3. Finally, the authors gratefully acknowledge Ronald Dixon for his comments and for editing the text. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Sylvie Belleville, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Geriatric de...

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 53%

Effect of normal aging on the manipulation of information in working memory

1998

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“…For example, older adults exhibit deficits in performance (i.e., reaction time [RT], response accuracy) across a variety of tasks involving attention, cognition, and memory [40,46,47,49,51,58,60]. These age-related decrements in performance are disproportionately larger for tasks or task components that involve greater amounts of executive control [18,33,34] and are markedly reduced on tasks or task components that place smaller demands on the executive system [59].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-efficacy effects on neuroelectric and behavioral indices of action monitoring in older adults

Themanson

Hillman

McAuley

et al. 2008

Neurobiology of Aging

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The relationships between self-efficacy (SE), i.e., beliefs in personal capabilities, and behavioral and neuroelectric (i.e., ERN, Pe) indices of action monitoring were investigated in 40 older adults (13 male) during the completion of a flanker paradigm performed under task conditions emphasizing either accuracy or speed. SE relative to task performance during both conditions was assessed prior to each cognitive task. Results indicated that high-SE older adults exhibited larger ERN and Pe amplitudes compared to low-SE older adults under the accuracy instruction condition. Additionally, a moderating effect of SE on the relationship between ERN and post-error response accuracy was revealed in the accuracy condition, with greater ERN amplitude associated with greater post-error accuracy in the high-SE group. No significant relationships were evident between ERN and posterror accuracy in the low-SE group. Further, no significant relationships involving SE were observed in the speed condition. The findings suggest that SE may be related to neuroelectric and behavioral indices of action monitoring in older adults when task demands require greater attention to action monitoring processes.

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“…The reasons could be greater market experience (Phillips and Sternthal, 1977) and/or slower information processing rate (John and Cole, 1986, Phillips and Sternthal, 1977, Wickens, et al, 1987.…”

Section: Proposition 1 Older Consumers (δ ) Will Spend Less Time Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

A model of nutrition information search with an application to food labels

Drichoutis

Lazaridis

Nayga

2008

Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section C — Food Economics

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Due to the dramatic rise of several diet-related chronic diseases, nutrition information search behaviours have received significant interest from both the scientific and nonscientific literature. No other known paper in economics, however, has examined from a theoretical perspective the acquisition of nutrition information as a health enhancing activity. We modify the standard health capital model (Grossman, 1972) to allow the time spent on nutrition information search to be considered within the context of a time allocation decision. We then collected extensive primary data based on the theoretical model and used these to test the model. 2 A MODEL OF NUTRITION INFORMATION SEARCH WITH AN APPLICATION TO FOOD LABELS AbstractDue to the dramatic rise of several diet-related chronic diseases, nutrition information search behaviours have received significant interest from both the scientific and nonscientific literature. No other known paper in economics, however, has examined from a theoretical perspective the acquisition of nutrition information as a health enhancing activity. We modify the standard health capital model (Grossman, 1972) to allow the time spent on nutrition information search to be considered within the context of a time allocation decision. We then collected extensive primary data based on the theoretical model and used these to test the model. INTRODUCTIONInformation search behaviours have long been a subject of interest for economists (e.g. Stigler, 1961). Due to the dramatic rise of several diet-related chronic diseases, nutrition information search behaviours have also received significant attention lately from both the scientific and non-scientific literature. The rise of food related diseases, caused among others by obesity, have been dramatic. WHO indicated that in 2005 there were 1.6 billion overweight adults and at least 400 million obese adults in the world (2006). By 2015, these figures are expected to rise to 2.3 billion overweight and 700 million obese adults. Some of the key causes of this epidemic are increased consumption of energydense foods high in saturated fats and sugars and reduced physical activity. Researchers are constantly looking for ways to explain and/or tackle the problem of poor diets. It is possible that the reason people do not follow adequate diets is that they do not know the proper foods to consume. Hence, people who are motivated to change their diet may engage in search and acquisition of nutrition information. One of the major sources of nutrition information hypothesized to help consumers make healthier food choices is on-pack nutrition information on food products, also known as nutritional label (Nayga, 1996). Nutritional labels however are not the only source of nutrition information. TV, radio, newspapers, medical experts or even family and friends can be sources of nutrition information. However, the literature suggests that as much as two thirds of final purchase decisions are made in stores while shopping (Caswell and Padberg, 1992), which then...

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Age differences in the speed and capacity of information processing: I. A dual-task approach.

Cited by 90 publications

References 31 publications

Effect of normal aging on the manipulation of information in working memory

Effect of normal aging on the manipulation of information in working memory

Self-efficacy effects on neuroelectric and behavioral indices of action monitoring in older adults

A model of nutrition information search with an application to food labels

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