Age differences in short-term retention of rapidly changing information.

Kirchner, Wayne K.

doi:10.1037/h0043688

Cited by 1,368 publications

(900 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Individual differences in memory updating ability were assessed with auditory and visual n-back tasks (Jonides et al, 1997;Kirchner, 1958), often used as measures of working memory (e.g., Owen, McMillan, Laird, & Bullmore, 2005). In the auditory pitch-back task, participants heard a series of 500 ms long sinewave tones drawn from a single C-major scale (i.e., there were eight discrete pitches) and were instructed to respond when hearing a pitch matching the pitch heard n tones previously.…”

Section: Measures Of Executive Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuning the mind: Exploring the connections between musical ability and executive functions

et al. 2016

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A growing body of research suggests that musical experience and ability are related to a variety of cognitive abilities, including executive functioning (EF). However, it is not yet clear if these relationships are limited to specific components of EF, limited to auditory tasks, or reflect very general cognitive advantages. This study investigated the existence and generality of the relationship between musical ability and EFs by evaluating the musical experience and ability of a large group of participants and investigating whether this predicts individual differences on three different components of EF – inhibition, updating, and switching – in both auditory and visual modalities. Musical ability predicted better performance on both auditory and visual updating tasks, even when controlling for a variety of potential confounds (age, handedness, bilingualism, and socio-economic status). However, musical ability was not clearly related to inhibitory control and was unrelated to switching performance. These data thus show that cognitive advantages associated with musical ability are not limited to auditory processes, but are limited to specific aspects of EF. This supports a process-specific (but modality-general) relationship between musical ability and non-musical aspects of cognition.GRAMMY Foundatio

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Section: Measures Of Executive Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuning the mind: Exploring the connections between musical ability and executive functions

et al. 2016

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“…Simultaneous storage and manipulation of information is clearly required by the emerging "gold-standard" task in imaging studies of WM, the n-back task (Kirchner, 1958;Mackworth, 1959). Accordingly, the n-back task consistently shows dPFC involvement.…”

Section: Human Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-differences perspective

Kane

Engle

2002

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

1,862

1,420

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“…Cognitive load manipulation An auditory n-back task [21] was used to manipulate cognitive load. This task consisted of a series of stimuli (spoken consonants) that were sequentially played at an interstimulus interval of two seconds [22].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of anxiety and cognitive load on instrument scanning behavior in a flight simulation

Allsop

Gray

Bülthoff

et al. 2016

2016 IEEE Second Workshop on Eye Tracking and Visualization (ETVIS)

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Previous research has rarely examined the combined influence of anxiety and cognitive load on gaze behavior and performance whilst undertaking complex perceptual-motor tasks. In the current study, participants performed an aviation instrument landing task in neutral and anxiety conditions, while performing a low or high cognitive load auditory n-back task. Both self-reported anxiety and heart rate increased from neutral conditions indicating that anxiety was successfully manipulated. Response accuracy and reaction time for the auditory task indicated that cognitive load was also successfully manipulated. Cognitive load negatively impacted flight performance and the frequency of gaze transitions between areas of interest. Performance was maintained in anxious conditions, with a concomitant decrease in n-back reaction time suggesting that this was due to an increase in mental effort. Analyses of individual responses to the anxiety manipulation revealed that changes in anxiety levels from neutral to anxiety conditions were positively correlated with changes in visual scanning entropy, which is a measure of the randomness of gaze behavior, but only when cognitive load was high. This finding lends support for an interactive effect of cognitive anxiety and cognitive load on attentional control.

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Age differences in short-term retention of rapidly changing information.

Cited by 1,368 publications

References 2 publications

Tuning the mind: Exploring the connections between musical ability and executive functions

Tuning the mind: Exploring the connections between musical ability and executive functions

The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-differences perspective

Effects of anxiety and cognitive load on instrument scanning behavior in a flight simulation

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