Age Differences in Pacing in Endurance Running: Comparison between Marathon and Half-Marathon Men and Women

Čuk, Ivan; Nikolaidis, Pantelis Theodoros; Marković, Srdjan; Knechtle, Beat

doi:10.3390/medicina55080479

Cited by 22 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(62 reference statements)

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“…This is most probably due to the differences in male and female physique [ 42 , 43 , 44 ]. An interesting finding was that in contrary to our hypothesis and previous results [ 23 , 45 ], women competing in the UTMB ® showed a higher pace variation than men. This could be because more men participated in the race (12,681 men and 1148 women).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Even Pacing Is Associated with Faster Finishing Times in Ultramarathon Distance Trail Running—The “Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc” 2008–2019

Suter

Sousa

Hill

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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In recent years, there has been an increasing number of investigations analyzing the effects of sex, performance level, and age on pacing in various running disciplines. However, little is known about the impact of those factors on pacing strategies in ultramarathon trail running. This study investigated the effects of age, sex, and performance level on pacing in the UTMB® (Ultra-trail du Mont Blanc) and aimed to verify previous findings obtained in the research on other running disciplines and other ultramarathon races. Data from the UTMB® from 2008 to 2019 for 13,829 race results (12,681 men and 1148 women) were analyzed. A general linear model (two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)) was applied to identify a sex, age group, and interaction effect in pace average and pace variation. A univariate model (one-way ANOVA) was used to identify a sex effect for age, pace average, and pace variation for the fastest men and women. In our study, pace average and a steadier pace were positively correlated. Even pacing throughout the UTMB® correlated with faster finishing times. The average pace depended significantly on sex and age group. When considering the top five athletes in each age group, sex and age group also had significant effects on pace variation. The fastest women were older than the fastest men, and the fastest men were faster than the fastest women. Women had a higher pace variation than men. In male competitors, younger age may be advantageous for a successful finish of the UTMB®. Faster male runners seemed to be younger in ultramarathon trail running with large changes in altitude when compared to other distances and terrains.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Even Pacing Is Associated with Faster Finishing Times in Ultramarathon Distance Trail Running—The “Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc” 2008–2019

Suter

Sousa

Hill

et al. 2020

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“…In agreement with previous studies (Nikolaidis et al 2019;Cuk et al 2019Cuk et al , 2020, the present experiment showed that running speed signi cantly decreased throughout the half-marathon in both groups (i.e. positive pacing pattern, which consists in a fast start followed by a progressive reduction in running speed).…”

Section: Potential Mechanismssupporting

confidence: 93%

The Effect of Mental Fatigue on Half-Marathon Performance: a Pragmatic Trial

Gattoni

O’Neill

Schena

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Purpose It is well established that mental fatigue impairs performance during lab-based endurance tests lasting < 45 min. However, the effects of mental fatigue on longer-duration endurance events and in field settings are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mental fatigue on performance during a half-marathon race.Methods Forty-six male amateur runners (means ± SD: age 43.8 ± 8.6 years, V̇O2max 46.0 ± 4.1 ml/kg/min) completed an half-marathon after being randomly allocated to performing a 50-min mentally-fatiguing task (mental fatigue group) or reading magazines for 50 min (control group). Running speed, heart rate, and perceived effort were measured during the race.Results The mental fatigue group completed the half-marathon approximately four minutes slower (106.2 ± 12.4 min) than the control group (102.4 ± 10.2 min), but this difference was not statistically significant (Cohen’s d = 0.333; p = 0.265). However, equivalence was not established (t(40.88) = 0.239, p = 0.594) and equivalence testing analysis excluded a worthwhile positive effect of mental fatigue on half-marathon performance.Conclusion Due to its posttest-only design and the achievable sample size, the study did not have enough power to provide evidence that the observed 4-minute increase in half-marathon time is statistically significant. However, equivalence testing suggests that mental fatigue has no beneficial effects on half-marathon performance in male amateur runners, and harmful effects cannot be excluded. Overall, it seems prudent for endurance athletes to avoid mentally-fatiguing tasks before competitions.

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“…Distance running is of high popularity and includes different distances, from 5 to 10 km [1], half-marathon [2,3], marathon [2,4], and up to ultra-marathon of different distances [5,6]. It is well-known that men are faster than women from 5 km to marathon [7], and in ultra-marathon running [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tower Running—Participation, Performance Trends, and Sex Difference

Stark

Gangi

Sousa

et al. 2020

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Though there are exhaustive data about participation, performance trends, and sex differences in performance in different running disciplines and races, no study has analyzed these trends in stair climbing and tower running. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate these trends in tower running. The data, consisting of 28,203 observations from 24,007 climbers between 2014 and 2019, were analyzed. The effects of sex and age, together with the tower characteristics (i.e., stairs and floors), were examined through a multivariable statistical model with random effects on intercept, at climber’s level, accounting for repeated measurements. Men were faster than women in each age group (p < 0.001 for ages ≤69 years, p = 0.003 for ages > 69 years), and the difference in performance stayed around 0.20 km/h, with a minimum of 0.17 at the oldest age. However, women were able to outperform men in specific situations: (i) in smaller buildings (<600 stairs), for ages between 30 and 59 years and >69 years; (ii) in higher buildings (>2200 stairs), for age groups <20 years and 60–69 years; and (iii) in buildings with 1600–2200 stairs, for ages >69 years. In summary, men were faster than women in this specific running discipline; however, women were able to outperform men in very specific situations (i.e., specific age groups and specific numbers of stairs).

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Age Differences in Pacing in Endurance Running: Comparison between Marathon and Half-Marathon Men and Women

Cited by 22 publications

References 35 publications

Even Pacing Is Associated with Faster Finishing Times in Ultramarathon Distance Trail Running—The “Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc” 2008–2019

Even Pacing Is Associated with Faster Finishing Times in Ultramarathon Distance Trail Running—The “Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc” 2008–2019

The Effect of Mental Fatigue on Half-Marathon Performance: a Pragmatic Trial

Tower Running—Participation, Performance Trends, and Sex Difference

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