Age differences in brain activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and supplementary motor areas during three different walking speed tasks

Lin, Chia-Cheng; Bair, Woei-Nan; Willson, John D.

doi:10.1016/j.humov.2022.102982

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Further, age-related changes in activation of the prefrontal cortex could explain why older adults exhibited more CMI than younger adults. Older adults have more activation in the prefrontal cortex than young adults during single-task gait and thus may rely more on neural involvement while walking [59,60]. However, with the addition of a cognitive task, one study reported that older adults conversely had lower prefrontal cortex activity than younger adults [61].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Cognitive Task, Gait Speed, and Age on Cognitive–Motor Interference during Walking

Pitts,

Singhal,

Apte

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Dual-tasking can cause cognitive–motor interference (CMI) and affect task performance. This study investigated the effects of age, gait speed, and type of cognitive task on CMI during gait. Ten younger and 10 older adults walked on a pressure-sensitive GAITRite walkway which recorded gait speed and step length. Participants walked at a slow, preferred, or fast speed while simultaneously completing four cognitive tasks: visuomotor reaction time (VMRT), serial subtraction (SS), word list generation (WLG), and visual Stroop (VS). Each combination of task and speed was repeated for two trials. Tasks were also performed while standing. Motor and cognitive costs were calculated with the formula: ((single-dual)/single × 100). Higher costs indicate a larger reduction in performance from single to dual-task. Motor costs were higher for WLG and SS than VMRT and VS and higher in older adults (p < 0.05). Cognitive costs were higher for SS than WLG (p = 0.001). At faster speeds, dual-task costs increased for WLG and SS, although decreased for VMRT. CMI was highest for working memory, language, and problem-solving tasks, which was reduced by slow walking. Aging increased CMI, although both ages were affected similarly by task and speed. Dual-task assessments could include challenging CMI conditions to improve the prediction of motor and cognitive status.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Cognitive Task, Gait Speed, and Age on Cognitive–Motor Interference during Walking

Pitts,

Singhal,

Apte

et al. 2023

Sensors

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“…Previous studies have deployed a range of protocols involving both constrained (treadmill) and unconstrained (overground) gait when evaluating cortical activity at different walking speeds [ 16 , 46 , 47 , 51 ]. Both modalities have advantages and disadvantages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prefrontal cortex and premotor cortex have been implicated in the modulation of gait speed in young adults, particularly when transitioning from walking to running, with limited involvement from the sensorimotor cortices [ 16 ]. However, in older adults, increased cortical activation (increased oxygenated haemoglobin; HbO2) has been observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and supplementary motor area [ 46 , 47 ] when walking overground at a self-selected slow, preferred and fast speed compared to young adults [ 47 ] and when walking was evaluated at 30%, 50% and 70% intensity in older adults only [ 46 ]. The relationship between gait and cognition in older age is complex [ 48 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relationship between gait and cognition in older age is complex [ 48 ]. Gait is considered a cognitively demanding task [ 47 ], particularly in older adults, due to attentional and resource allocation deficits affecting task prioritisation [ 49 ], reduced cognitive capacity and mobility limitations [ 50 ]. This is affirmed by studies observing increased prefrontal cortex activity in older adults compared to young adults during overground walking [ 47 , 51 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gait is considered a cognitively demanding task [ 47 ], particularly in older adults, due to attentional and resource allocation deficits affecting task prioritisation [ 49 ], reduced cognitive capacity and mobility limitations [ 50 ]. This is affirmed by studies observing increased prefrontal cortex activity in older adults compared to young adults during overground walking [ 47 , 51 ]. Our understanding of age-related cortical changes across multiple regions simultaneously when walking at a preferred and fast speed suggests increased cortical activity in young and older adults when increasing speed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Faster Walking Speeds Require Greater Activity from the Primary Motor Cortex in Older Adults Compared to Younger Adults

Alcock

Vitório

Stuart

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Gait speed declines with age and slower walking speeds are associated with poor health outcomes. Understanding why we do not walk faster as we age, despite being able to, has implications for rehabilitation. Changes in regional oxygenated haemoglobin (HbO2) across the frontal lobe were monitored using functional near infrared spectroscopy in 17 young and 18 older adults while they walked on a treadmill for 5 min, alternating between 30 s of walking at a preferred and fast (120% preferred) speed. Gait was quantified using a triaxial accelerometer (lower back). Differences between task (preferred/fast) and group (young/old) and associations between regional HbO2 and gait were evaluated. Paired tests indicated increased HbO2 in the supplementary motor area (right) and primary motor cortex (left and right) in older adults when walking fast (p < 0.006). HbO2 did not significantly change in the young when walking fast, despite both groups modulating gait. When evaluating the effect of age (linear mixed effects model), greater increases in HbO2 were observed for older adults when walking fast (prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area and primary motor cortex) compared to young adults. In older adults, increased step length and reduced step length variability were associated with larger increases in HbO2 across multiple regions when walking fast. Walking fast required increased activation of motor regions in older adults, which may serve as a therapeutic target for rehabilitation. Widespread increases in HbO2 across the frontal cortex highlight that walking fast represents a resource-intensive task as we age.

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Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on dual-task performance in older and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

USMAN,

WONG,

2024

Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Plus

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Age differences in brain activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and supplementary motor areas during three different walking speed tasks

Cited by 6 publications

References 48 publications

The Effect of Cognitive Task, Gait Speed, and Age on Cognitive–Motor Interference during Walking

The Effect of Cognitive Task, Gait Speed, and Age on Cognitive–Motor Interference during Walking

Faster Walking Speeds Require Greater Activity from the Primary Motor Cortex in Older Adults Compared to Younger Adults

Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on dual-task performance in older and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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