Age-cohort changes in the lifetime occurrence of depression and other mental disorders.

Lewinsohn, Peter M.; Rohde, Paul; Seeley, John R.; Fischer, Scott A.

doi:10.1037/0021-843x.102.1.110

Cited by 210 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…By age 14, nine percent of adolescents will have had at least one severe episode of depression (Lewinsohn, Rohde, Seeley, & Fischer, 1993), and by the age of 19, 28 percent (Lewinsohn et al, 1998). The prevalence of clinically significant subsyndromal depressive symptoms can be as high as 20 to 50 percent (Kessler, Avenevoli, & Merikangas, 2001).…”

Section: Symptoms and Resiliencementioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive schemas as longitudinal predictors of self-reported adolescent depressive symptoms and resilience

Friedmann

Lumley

Lerman

2015

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

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Given that depression risk intensifies in adolescence, examining the course of depressive symptoms during the shift from childhood to adolescence is important for expanding knowledge about the etiology of depression. From a cognitive-developmental perspective, this study examined the stability of both positive and negative schemas in adolescence and whether these schemas could prospectively predict depressive symptoms and resilience in youth. One hundred ninety-eight participants (48 percent boys, 52 percent girls) between the ages of 9 and 14 were recruited from 4 elementary schools to complete measures of youth depressive symptoms, resilience, and schema content and organization. Those who consented to be re-contacted for a follow-up study were contacted one to three years later to complete the same measures online. The Time 2 sample consisted of 50 participants (54 percent boys, 46 percent girls). Negative and positive schema content and structure were stable over time. Depressive symptoms at Time 2 were hypothesized to be predicted by strong negative and weak positive schema content, tightly interconnected negative schema organization, and loosely interconnected positive schema organization at Time 1. The opposite patterns of association were hypothesized between schema content and structure and resilience. After controlling for age, sex and depressive symptoms /resilience at Time 1, negative schema content was the only significant predictor of depressive symptoms and resilience at Time 2. Implications for cognitive theories and clinical practice are discussed.iii Acknowledgements

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Section: Symptoms and Resiliencementioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive schemas as longitudinal predictors of self-reported adolescent depressive symptoms and resilience

Friedmann

Lumley

Lerman

2015

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

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“…Now it typically attacks its victims for the first time when they are teenagers. For example, Lewinsohn and his colleagues gave diagnostic interviews to 1,710 randomly selected adolescents living in western Oregon and found that by age 14, 7.2% of the youngest adolescents, those born in 1972 through 1974, had experienced a severe depression; in contrast, 4.5% of the older adolescents, those born in 1968 through 1971, had experienced severe depression (Lewinsohn, Rohde, Seeley, & Fischer, 1993). The high percentage of youth experiencing severe depression at such a young age is surprising and dismaying.…”

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confidence: 99%

Beyond Money

Diener

Seligman

2004

Psychol Sci Public Interest

1,816

292

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SUMMARY-Policy decisions at the organizational, corporate, and governmental levels should be more heavily influenced by issues related to well-being--people's evaluations and feelings about their lives. Domestic policy currently focuses heavily on economic outcomes, although economic indicators omit, and even mislead about, much of what society values. We show that economic indicators have many shortcomings, and that measures of well-being point to important conclusions that are not apparent from economic indicators alone. For example, although economic output has risen steeply over the past decades, there has been no rise in life satisfaction during this period, and there has been a substantial increase in depression and distrust. We argue that economic indicators were extremely important in the early stages of economic development, when the fulfillment of basic needs was the main issue. As societies grow wealthy, however, differences in well-being are less frequently due to income, and are more frequently due to factors such as social relationships and enjoyment at work.Important noneconomic predictors of the average levels of well-being of societies include social capital, democratic governance, and human rights. In the workplace, noneconomic factors influence work satisfaction and profitability. It is therefore important that organizations, as well as nations, monitor the well-being of workers, and take steps to improve it.Assessing the well-being of individuals with mental disorders casts light on policy problems that do not emerge from economic indicators. Mental disorders cause widespread suffering, and their impact is growing, especially in relation to the influence of medical disorders, which is declining. Although many studies now show that the suffering due to mental disorders can be alleviated by treatment, a large proportion of persons with mental disorders go untreated. Thus, a policy imperative is to offer treatment to more people with mental disorders, and more assistance to their caregivers.Supportive, positive social relationships are necessary for well-being. There are data suggesting that well-being leads to good social relationships and does not merely follow from them. In addition, experimental evidence indicates that people suffer when they are ostracized from groups or have poor relationships in groups. The fact that strong social relationships are critical to well-being has many policy implications. For instance, corporations should carefully consider relocating employees because doing so can sever friendships and therefore be detrimental to well-being.Desirable outcomes, even economic ones, are often caused by well-being rather than the other way around. People high in wellbeing later earn higher incomes and perform better at work than people who report low well-being. Happy workers are better organizational citizens, meaning that they help other people at work in various ways. Furthermore, people high in well-being seem to have better social relationships than people low in wellbeing. ...

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“…Several studies have shown increases in recent years, 1,2 including among adolescents. [3][4][5][6][7] These studies have included parent reports from population samples 3,4 and physician diagnoses from electronic medical records. 6 In contrast, other studies have reported that the rates of mental illness have decreased or remained stable over time.…”

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confidence: 99%

Time trends in symptoms of mental illness in children and adolescents in Canada

McMartin

Kingsbury

Dykxhoorn

et al. 2014

CMAJ

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Interpretation:With the exception of hyperactivity, the prevalence of symptoms of mental illness in Canadian children and adolescents has remained relatively stable from 1994/95 to 2008/09. Conflicting reports of escalating rates of mental illness in Canada may be explained by differing methodologies between studies, an increase in treatment-seeking behaviour, or changes in diagnostic criteria or practices. AbstractResearch CMAJ, December 9, 2014, 186(18) E673 Methods Study designThis study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, which involves a population-based cohort of Canadian children and adolescents followed prospectively every 2 years by Statistics Canada since 1994/95. 14 The cohort is considered nationally representative, with the exception of children living on First Nations reserves or Crown lands, in institutions and in some remote regions. This study was designed to collect information about multiple aspects of child health and development. The follow-up rate for the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth from cycle 1 (1994/95) to cycle 8 (2008/2009) was 61%.15 Further details about the cohort, including study design and response rates (mostly above 80% at each wave), are described elsewhere. 14,15 The survey included numerous assessments related to child and adolescent mental health. The behaviour scale was adapted from questionnaires used in the Montreal Longitudinal Survey and the Ontario Child Health Study, which were designed to identify children who would most likely qualify for a psychiatric diagnosis based on symptom criteria for the revised 3rd edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 16 This scale has been used in previous studies of child and adolescent adjustment, and has shown good psychometric properties. 17,18 In each cycle, participants aged 10 years or older were asked to self-report the frequency of various feelings and behaviours in the past week, with 3 possible responses ranging from "never or not true" to "often or very true." Each item was assigned a score of 0 to 2 (higher scores indicating a greater degree of mental health problems). Questionnaires were completed on paper, at home in a private setting, and sealed in envelopes to ensure confidentiality.Composite scores were created by summing item scores on each of 4 subscales relevant to adolescent mental illness: conduct disorder (6 items, e.g., "I kick or hit other people my age"), hyperactivity (7 items, e.g., "I am impulsive, I act without thinking"), indirect aggression (5 items, e.g., "When I am mad at someone, I say bad things behind his/her back"), and symptoms of depression/anxiety (7 items, e.g., "I am not as happy as other people my age" and "I worry a lot"). 19 The same items were collected at each cycle, with the exception of 1 hyperactivity item and 1 depression/anxiety item, which were dropped in cycle 4. In the interest of comparability over time, these items were not included in composite scores. All items comprising the final scale...

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Age-cohort changes in the lifetime occurrence of depression and other mental disorders.

Cited by 210 publications

References 39 publications

Cognitive schemas as longitudinal predictors of self-reported adolescent depressive symptoms and resilience

Cognitive schemas as longitudinal predictors of self-reported adolescent depressive symptoms and resilience

Beyond Money

Time trends in symptoms of mental illness in children and adolescents in Canada

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