Age Changes in Motor Skills During Childhood and Adolescence

Branta, Crystal F.; Haubenstricker, John; Seefeldt, Vern

doi:10.1249/00003677-198401000-00015

Cited by 197 publications

(169 citation statements)

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“…Successful strategies to increase early primary school children's physical activity include playground markings and games that focus on developing their fundamental movement skills, which are the building blocks for many physical activities. 26,27 A key finding of this study, not previously examined, was the differing association between the type of physical activity and systolic and diastolic BP in young children. The physiological differences between systolic and diastolic BP are likely to be the underlying mechanisms for the difference in associations with physical activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Association between physical activity and blood pressure in prepubertal children

et al. 2011

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Elevated blood pressure (BP) during childhood and adolescence increases the risk of hypertension in later life. Although physical activity is known to positively moderate BP, data regarding this relationship are limited in prepubertal children. We aimed to assess the association between a range of physical activities (including indoor and outdoor activity) and BP in a large community-based sample of prepubertal schoolchildren. Eligible year-1 schoolchildren (n¼1765; mean age 6.7 ± 0.4 years) from a random cluster sample of 34 schools in Sydney, Australia, were examined. Parents completed detailed questionnaires about their child's activity. Height and weight were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. BP was measured using a standard protocol, and elevated BP was defined using published guidelines. Physical activity was classified as low, medium or high (that is, as tertiles). After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, height, BMI, parental qualifications and family history of hypertension and/or cardiovascular disease, children in the highest tertile of outdoor and indoor activities had significantly lower diastolic BP (B1.5 mm Hg; P trend ¼0.01) and systolic BP (B1.3 mm Hg; P trend ¼0.03), respectively, compared with those in the lowest tertile (reference). Linearly, time spent in indoor activities (each hour per day) was associated with B2.4 mm Hg decrease in diastolic BP (P¼0.001). Physical activity was independently associated with lower BP in this sample of prepubertal children. The findings emphasize the importance of ensuring regular physical activity programs in primary schools to potentially reduce the risk of elevated BP in childhood and in later life. Keywords: blood pressure; children; physical activity; prepuberty; Sydney Childhood Eye Study INTRODUCTION Elevated blood pressure (BP) during childhood and adolescence is associated with increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD), 1 and the development of early pathological lesions of atherosclerosis. 2,3 Thus, the recognition and management of elevated BP at an early age, and the identification of modifiable risk factors, may be an important strategy for limiting the overall public health disease burden caused by hypertension. 4,5 Physical activity is a key component of the therapeutic lifestyle changes recommended for preventing and treating elevated BP and hypertension in children and adolescence. 6,7 There is evidence that levels of physical activity, aerobic fitness and CVD risk factors track from childhood and adolescence into adulthood. 8 A number of observational studies have investigated associations between physical activity and BP in children and adolescents, 9-12 but the findings from these studies have been equivocal. Recently, a UK study of 5505 children aged 11-12 years showed that higher levels of physical activity were associated with lower BP, and the authors concluded that the volume of activity may be more important than the intensity. 10 In contrast, several studies reported no or a positive associat...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Association between physical activity and blood pressure in prepubertal children

et al. 2011

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“…In general, females experience puberty earlier than males and therefore may become temporarily taller and heavier than their male peers. Physical performance differences are more significantly influenced by age at onset of puberty and environmental conditions than by an individual's chronologic age (4,8,37,39). Overall development, physical differences, rate of growth progression, and physical skills can vary widely among adolescents, and may contribute to body image concerns in some.…”

Section: Physical Growth and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Participation in sports in relation to adolescent growth and development

2017

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“…9 This is of particular concern, as a recent systematic review of the health benefits of FMS proficiency found consistent and positive associations between FMS proficiency and physical activity and fitness levels and an inverse association with weight status. 11 There is also longitudinal evidence that motor skills track through childhood 12,13 and into adolescence. 14,15 FMS proficiency has been associated with subsequent physical activity 16 and also with change in physical activity over time, highlighting that children with high FMS proficiency show little decline in physical activity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Fundamental Movement Skill Interventions in Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

et al. 2013

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BACKGROUND: Fundamental movement skill (FMS) proficiency is positively associated with physical activity and fitness levels. The objective of this study was to systematically review evidence for the benefits of FMS interventions targeting youth. METHODS:A search with no date restrictions was conducted across 7 databases. Studies included any school-, home-, or community-based intervention for typically developing youth with clear intent to improve FMS proficiency and that reported statistical analysis of FMS competence at both preintervention and at least 1 other postintervention time point. Study designs included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using experimental and quasi-experimental designs and single group pre-post trials. Risk of bias was independently assessed by 2 reviewers.RESULTS: Twenty-two articles (6 RCTs, 13 quasi-experimental trials, 3 pre-post trials) describing 19 interventions were included. All but 1 intervention were evaluated in primary/elementary schools. All studies reported significant intervention effects for $1 FMS. Metaanalyses revealed large effect sizes for overall gross motor proficiency (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.68-2.16, Z = 3.77, P , .0002) and locomotor skill competency (SMD = 1.42, 95% CI 0.56-2.27, Z = 3.25, P = .001). A medium effect size for object control skill competency was observed (SMD = 0.63, 95% CI 0.28-0.98, Z = 3.53, P = .0004). Many studies scored poorly for risk of bias items.

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Age Changes in Motor Skills During Childhood and Adolescence

Cited by 197 publications

References 0 publications

Association between physical activity and blood pressure in prepubertal children

Association between physical activity and blood pressure in prepubertal children

Participation in sports in relation to adolescent growth and development

Fundamental Movement Skill Interventions in Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

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