Age at Natural Menopause and Mortality

Cooper, Glinda S.; Sandler, Dale P.

doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(97)00207-x

Cited by 248 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The few longitudinal studies on natural menopause that are available were unable demonstrate any direct effect of the decreased ovarian function on cardiovascular mortality 23,25 or morbidity, 25 nor on the development of arterial hypertension 25,32 or hypercholesterolemia. 25,32 Two epidemiological population-based experiences have been conducted in Italy on natural menopause: one published a few years ago by our group 25 and one by Portaluppi et al 33 In the former, the univariate risk excess observed in naturally-menopausal women when compared to fertile women was simply due to the higher age of the former, and disappeared after age-correction or age-matching.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The general belief is that oophorectomy abolishes sexual dimorphism and causes women to develop a male pattern of blood pressure 17 and risk, 18,19 an effect which appears to be prevented by oestrogen-replacement therapy. 20 On the other hand, some authors believe that surgical menopause exerts an effect only on cholesterol 21 or LDL fraction, 22 or no effect at all on lipids, 23 and the role of sudden ovarian failure is still unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blood pressure and metabolic profile after surgical menopause: comparison with fertile and naturally-menopausal women

et al. 2000

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In 1978 a random sample (367 men and 568 women aged 18-65 years) taken from the general population of a north-eastern Italian town was screened for cardiovascular risk; 16 years later, the women were invited to a second screening. Three groups were identified at the initial screening (fertile, naturally menopausal and surgically menopausal) and four in the longitudinal study (137 remained fertile during the whole study, 205 became naturally menopausal, 56 were ovariectomised and 127 were already going through the menopause). The protocol included a questionnaire, blood pressure (BP) measurement, and blood exams. Continuous variables were adjusted for confounders. Systolic BP, prevalence of hypertension, cholesterol, glycaemia and uricaemia were similar, whereas diastolic and triglycerides (TG) were lower in surgically-menopausal than in fertile women (P Ͻ 0.001). No significant difference in 16 years' variation from baseline was observed between

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood pressure and metabolic profile after surgical menopause: comparison with fertile and naturally-menopausal women

et al. 2000

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“…There is much evidence for the relationship between an increase in overall morbidity and mortality and early or late ages of onset of the menopausal transition, e.g. an association of premature menopause (due to the subsequent oestrogen deficiency) with the increased risk of cardiovascular [11][12][13][14] and autoimmune diseases [14,15], osteoporosis [16,17], neurological diseases and psychiatric diseases [18,19] has been confirmed [11,14,15,[20][21][22][23], while women experiencing menopause at a late age are at a higher risk of breast cancer [24,25] and abdominal obesity [20][21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body fatness and endogenous sex hormones in the menopausal transition

et al. 2016

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a b s t r a c tBackground: Age at the final menstrual period is of clinical and public health interest because the age at which natural menopause occurs may be a marker of ageing and health, and in general the menopausal transition increases the risk of many diseases, e.g. redistribution in the pattern of adiposity during the menopausal transition may increase risk of metabolic disease. The purpose of this research was to study the relationship between the menopausal status and body fatness. Subjects and methods: A random sample of 1932Hungarian women was studied. Body composition was estimated by body impedance analysis. In a subsample free estradiol and progesterone levels in saliva were quantified. Results: Body fat mass increased until the late 50s and then had a decrease through senescence. Premenopausal women who were much older than the median age at menopause had a higher amount of fat than their postmenopausal age-peers, while postmenopausal women, whose menopause occurred much earlier than the median age at menopause, had less fat than their premenopausal age-peers. The body fat mass in premenopausal women with low levels of sex hormones was always below the agemedian value of the menopausal status subgroups, while the body fat mass of postmenopausal women with high levels of sex hormone levels was above the age-median values. Conclusions: The analysis of body fatness in the menopausal transition revealed that (1) the rate of reproductive ageing and the body fat pattern were significantly related, and (2) body fat mass of women with unexpected levels of sex hormones was related more to their hormonal levels than to their menopausal status or their age. Thus future epidemiological screenings of women exposed to higher levels of menopause-related health risks should be expanded beyond the estimation of menopausal status based only on menstrual history to include sex hormone level assessment, as well as body composition analysis.

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“…However, characteristics of menopause may indicate later life health risks, related to hormonal exposures or other processes that may influence the risk for cardiovascular mortality in particular. 1,2 Most previous analyses have found relationships of moderate strength between early age at natural menopause and increased risk of all-cause 1,[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] and cardiovascular mortality. 1,5,7,9,10,[12][13][14] Surgical menopause may also be related to the overall intrinsic rate of biological aging.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2 Most previous analyses have found relationships of moderate strength between early age at natural menopause and increased risk of all-cause 1,[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] and cardiovascular mortality. 1,5,7,9,10,[12][13][14] Surgical menopause may also be related to the overall intrinsic rate of biological aging. Women who experience surgical menopause, and in particular early surgical menopause, may have less favorable underlying health profiles and poorer health later in life [15][16][17][18] compared with women who experience natural menopause.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Type and Timing of Menopause and Later Life Mortality among Women in the Iowa Established Populations for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly (EPESE) Cohort

Tom

Cooper

Wallace

et al. 2012

Journal of Women's Health

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Background: The relationship between menopausal characteristics and later life mortality is unclear. We tested the hypotheses that women with surgical menopause would have increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality compared with women with natural menopause, and that women with earlier ages at natural or surgical menopause would have greater all-cause and cardiovascular mortality than women with later ages at menopause. Methods: Women who participated in the Iowa cohort of the Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (n = 1684) reported menopausal characteristics and potential confounding variables at baseline and were followed up for up to 24 years. Participants were aged 65 years or older at baseline and lived in rural areas. We used survival analysis to examine the relationships between menopausal characteristics and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Results: A total of 1477 women (87.7% of respondents) died during the study interval. Women with an age at natural menopause ‡ 55 years had increased all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality compared with women who had natural menopause at younger ages. Type of menopause and age at surgical menopause were not related to mortality. These patterns persisted after adjustment for potential confounding variables. Conclusions: Among an older group of women from a rural area of the United States, later age at natural menopause was related to increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Monitoring the cardiovascular health of this group of older women may contribute to improved survival times.

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Age at Natural Menopause and Mortality

Cited by 248 publications

References 14 publications

Blood pressure and metabolic profile after surgical menopause: comparison with fertile and naturally-menopausal women

Blood pressure and metabolic profile after surgical menopause: comparison with fertile and naturally-menopausal women

Body fatness and endogenous sex hormones in the menopausal transition

Type and Timing of Menopause and Later Life Mortality among Women in the Iowa Established Populations for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly (EPESE) Cohort

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