Age at menarche at sea level and high altitude in Peruvian women of different ethnic background

Gonzáles, Gustavo F.; Ortiz, Iván Andrés Sánchez

doi:10.1002/ajhb.1310060512

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…During the last 60 years, significant migration has occurred from the Peruvian highland to the coast [19]. Most of the migrants are settled in places named cones.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arterial oxygen saturation in healthy newborns delivered at term in Cerro de Pasco (4340 m) and Lima (150 m)

Gonzales

Salirrosas

2005

Reprod Biol Endocrinol

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“…During the last 60 years, significant migration has occurred from the Peruvian highland to the coast [19]. Most of the migrants are settled in places named cones.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arterial oxygen saturation in healthy newborns delivered at term in Cerro de Pasco (4340 m) and Lima (150 m)

Gonzales

Salirrosas

2005

Reprod Biol Endocrinol

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“…Recently, Gonzales and Ortiz (1994) reported similar recalled ages a t menarche in Mestizo girls with predominantly Quechua background and those with predominantly Spanish background. The results, however, may be affected by subject memory in the retrospective method (Danker-Hopfe and Malina, 1992).…”

mentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The Peruvian population, originally Quechua, was later mixed with the Spaniards factors is &at produced by living in places Of high as in the Andean region Of who entered Peru during the sixteenth century. As such, the Peruvian population has two important admixture groups, one with Quechua predominance and the other with Spanish predominance (Gonzales and Ortiz, 1994).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies on age at menarche in Peru are scarce, particularly in populations living at high altitude. Mean age at menarche using the retrospective method in Lima, (150 m) was 13.11 years (Gonzales and Ortiz, 1994), a value similar to the median age at menarche obtained in the First Bremerhaven Growth Survey (1979/80) based on status quo data (Danker-Hopfe and Malina, 1992) and to that in a national sample of Flemish girls (Wellens et al, 1990). This suggests that age a t menarche in populations living at sea level in Perii may be comparable to values obtained in other parts of the world under similar conditions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age at menarche in Peruvian girls at sea level and at high altitude: Effect of ethnic background and socioeconomic status

Gonzáles¹,

Villena²,

Ubilluz³

1996

Am. J. Hum. Biol.

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The objective of the present study was to determine median age at menarche using the status quo method and the independent effects of ethnic background and socioeconomic status on the age at menarche in Peruvian girls from two distinct levels at altitude: Lima (150 m) and Cerro de Pasco (4,340 m). The sample included 503 girls from Lima and 625 girls from Cerro de Pasco, ages 10–18 years. Ethnic background was determined by four parental surnames. Subjects were classified as Quechua when one or more surnames were from Quechua origin and Spanish when four surnames were from Spanish origin. Socioeconomic status was determined using a socioeconomic index score and subjects were classified as belonging to the middle‐low, low, or very low class. Median age at menarche was calculated by survival analysis using the Life Table Method with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Among Quechua and Spanish girls, age at menarche occurred later at high altitude than at sea level. Median ages at menarche for the overall groups were 13.08 (12.91–13.25, 95% CI) years in Lima and 14.33 (14.17–14.48, 95% CI) years in Cerro de Pasco (P < 0.0001). Socioeconomic status had no significant effect on menarcheal age (P > 0.05). Controlling socioeconomic status in the design, median age at menarche was still higher at high altitude than at sea level (P < 0.05). After logistic regression analysis, an effect on age at menarche of chronological age and place of residence was observed, but not by ethnic background, socioeconomic status and not by interactions of age and place of residence, age and socioeconomic status, place of residence and socioeconomic status, place of residence and ethnic background, or socioeconomic status and ethnic background. Thus later age at menarche observed in girls at high altitude is not due the differences in ethnicity or socioeconomic status. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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“…In Andean populations, estimates of menarcheal age range from 13.1 to 14.3 yr (Greksa, 1990;Gonzales and Ortiz, 1994;Gonzales et al, 1996;Vitzthum, 2001b). Compared to otherwise similar populations at lower altitude (Greksa, 1990;Gonzales et al, 1996), menarche may be delayed by as much as 1 yr, a finding consistent with observations of delayed growth and maturation at high altitude.…”

Section: Age At Menarchementioning

confidence: 98%

The Proximate Determinants of Fertility in Populations Exposed to Chronic Hypoxia

Vitzthum

Wiley

2003

High Altitude Medicine & Biology

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It has been hypothesized that hypoxia reduces fertility, but comparative studies of high and low altitude populations have been unable to verify or refute this proposal because it is difficult to control for the behavioral and sociocultural factors that may also either underlie fertility differentials or compensate for physiological changes caused by varying partial pressure of oxygen. Taken collectively, estimates of fertility in populations exposed to chronic hypoxia range widely and do not suggest any reproductive patterns specific to high altitude. Here we review the available data from the Andes and the Himalaya on the proximate determinants of fertility, that set of factors through which any and all environmental, behavioral, and sociocultural factors must act to influence fertility levels. Although hypoxia could potentially affect some of these factors, there is no unequivocal evidence that this occurs in human populations indigenous to high altitude. At this time, it appears that local variations in infant feeding beliefs and practices, often coupled with prolonged breast-feeding, play a major role in determining fertility variation in Andean populations. In the Himalaya, large numbers of adults are not in sanctioned sexual unions as a consequence of polyandrous marriage practices and religious celibacy. The absence of a clear negative effect of hypoxia on fertility in populations indigenous to high altitude, even though migrants report reproductive difficulties, argues that these populations have adapted to the conditions at high altitude. The experimental and clinical evidence presented in this issue suggests proximate mechanisms by which such adaptation, shaped by natural selection and developmental processes, is possible.

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Age at menarche at sea level and high altitude in Peruvian women of different ethnic background

Cited by 20 publications

References 12 publications

Arterial oxygen saturation in healthy newborns delivered at term in Cerro de Pasco (4340 m) and Lima (150 m)

Arterial oxygen saturation in healthy newborns delivered at term in Cerro de Pasco (4340 m) and Lima (150 m)

Age at menarche in Peruvian girls at sea level and at high altitude: Effect of ethnic background and socioeconomic status

The Proximate Determinants of Fertility in Populations Exposed to Chronic Hypoxia

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