Age at Menarche and Cardiometabolic Risk in Adulthood: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study

Dreyfus, Jill; Jacobs, David R.; Mueller, Noel T.; Schreiner, Pamela J.; Moran, Antoinette; Carnethon, Mercedes R.; Demerath, Ellen W.

doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.04.032

Cited by 67 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…In Chinese schoolgirls, there was a strong association between earlier menarcheal onset and higher BMI . This relationship appears to be sustained into adult life, with earlier menarche associated with increased adiposity in early adulthood, and increased obesity risk at age ~44 years …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…For example, earlier menarche has been associated with lower insulin sensitivity and higher risk of hypertension, diabetes and metabolic syndrome . Among white (but not African American) girls in the US, earlier age at menarche was associated with a less favourable lipid profile and an increased risk of impaired fasting glucose and metabolic syndrome later in life …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associations between maternal age at menarche and anthropometric and metabolic parameters in the adolescent offspring

Hong

Maessen

Dong

et al. 2019

Clinical Endocrinology

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Summary Objective We examined the associations between maternal age at menarche and anthropometry and metabolism in adolescent offspring. Methods Anthropometric, metabolic and blood pressure data were obtained from 304 girls and 190 boys aged 11‐16 years attending school in Hangzhou (China). Age at menarche for both mothers and daughters was self‐reported. Fasting blood samples were obtained and all participants underwent clinical examinations. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥95th percentile for age and sex. Results Older maternal age at menarche was associated with older age of their daughters at menarche (r = 0.21; P < 0.001). Mother's age at menarche was not associated with anthropometry or metabolism of daughters. However, younger maternal age at menarche was associated with increased hip and waist circumferences, and BMI SDS of their sons. Boys whose mothers were ≤13 years at menarche had an adjusted relative risk of obesity 3‐fold greater than sons of mothers with a later menarcheal onset (2.96; 95% CI 1.49, 5.87). Among daughters, every 1‐year increase in their age at menarche was associated with a 0.34 SDS reduction in BMI. Increasing age at menarche was also associated with reduced waist and hip circumferences (−1.5 and −1.8 cm/y, respectively) and waist‐to‐height ratio (−0.008 per year). Girls in the youngest menarcheal age tertile (8.8‐11.6 years) had diastolic blood pressure 2.2 mm Hg higher than other girls (P = 0.029). Conclusions Younger maternal age at menarche is associated with increased obesity risk in their sons, but not daughters. However, girls who experience menarche earlier have a less favourable anthropometric profile.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between maternal age at menarche and anthropometric and metabolic parameters in the adolescent offspring

Hong

Maessen

Dong

et al. 2019

Clinical Endocrinology

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“…Earlier age at menarche, which itself is associated with greater type 2 diabetes risk,[12] may represent greater early-life adiposity. [13] Thus, effect modification by menarcheal age may reflect a mechanistic interaction between the causes of short leg length and body fat stores at puberty. This hypothesis is consistent with the PROMISE cohort study, which found that the association between relative leg length and measures of insulin resistance and β cell dysfunction were stronger among participants with higher waist circumference.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leg length and type 2 diabetes

Mueller

Pereira

2015

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care

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Purpose of review Human leg length is determined by a complex interplay of genetics and environmental exposures during development, which may be associated with long-term metabolic disease risk. Here, we review recent literature on the link between relative leg length and type 2 diabetes in more and less economically developed societies, where the contextual influences on relative leg length are unique. We also hypothesize mechanisms underlying and mediating this association. Recent findings Evidence from more-economically prosperous Western populations and contemporary adult populations in China and Brazil indicates that lower relative leg length is associated with greater risk for impaired glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes. In Brazil, this association was stronger among females with early menarche. While still poorly defined and in need of further research, the potential mechanisms likely involve suboptimal early-life net nutrition that simultaneously leads to retarded growth and impaired glucose regulation. An untested hypothesis is that the association is mediated by differences in skeletal muscle mass. Summary Epidemiologic evidence from diverse settings points to humans with shorter legs relative to their stature having higher risk for type 2 diabetes. While research is needed to test mechanistic hypotheses, the greatest potential for improving public health will come through identification of, and intervention upon, the upstream modifiable determinants of inadequate leg growth.

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“…Early menarche is associated with reduced insulin sensitivity and higher glucose,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 higher triglycerides and cholesterol levels,2, 6, 10 higher blood pressure,4, 5, 11, 12 and greater waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) 4, 5, 13, 14, 15. In line with these findings, there is some but less consistent evidence of an association between age at menarche and cardiovascular disease (CVD) events 12, 16, 17, 18.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Age at Menarche and Cardiometabolic Health: A Sibling Analysis in the Scottish Family Health Study

Magnus

Lawlor

Iliodromiti

et al. 2018

JAHA

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BackgroundPrevious studies of age at menarche and cardiometabolic health report conflicting findings, and only a few could account for childhood characteristics. We aimed to estimate the associations of age at menarche with cardiovascular risk factors in unrelated women and within sister groups, under the assumption that within‐sibship estimates will be better adjusted for shared genetics and early life environment.Methods and ResultsOur study included 7770 women, from 5984 sibships, participating in the GS:SFHS (Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study). We used fixed‐ and between‐effects linear regression to estimate the associations within sister groups and between unrelated individuals, respectively. Within sibships, the mean difference between sisters with early menarche (≤11 years) and sisters with menarche at 12 to 13 years was 1.73 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.41 to 3.86) for systolic blood pressure, 1.26 mm Hg (95% CI, −0.02 to 2.55) for diastolic blood pressure, −0.06 nmol/L (95% CI, −0.11 to −0.02) for high‐density lipoprotein, 0.20 nmol/L (95% CI, 0.08–0.32) for non–high‐density lipoprotein, −0.34% (95% CI, −1.98 to 1.30) for glucose, 1.60 kg/m2 (95% CI, 0.92–2.28) for body mass index, and 2.75 cm (95% CI, 1.06–4.44) for waist circumference. There was weak evidence of associations between later menarche (14–15 or ≥16 years) and lower body mass index, waist circumference, and blood pressure. We found no strong evidence that estimates from within‐ and between‐sibship analyses differed (all P values >0.1). The associations with other cardiovascular risk factors were attenuated after adjustment for adult body mass index.ConclusionsOur results suggest that confounding by shared familial characteristics is unlikely to be a major driver of the association between early menarche and adverse cardiometabolic health but do not exclude confounding by individual‐level characteristics.

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Age at Menarche and Cardiometabolic Risk in Adulthood: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study

Cited by 67 publications

References 42 publications

Associations between maternal age at menarche and anthropometric and metabolic parameters in the adolescent offspring

Associations between maternal age at menarche and anthropometric and metabolic parameters in the adolescent offspring

Leg length and type 2 diabetes

Age at Menarche and Cardiometabolic Health: A Sibling Analysis in the Scottish Family Health Study

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