“…Likewise, strict rules about a teenager leaving the home unsupervised might be appropriate for a family living in a disadvantaged, dangerous neighborhood but less appropriate for a family living elsewhere (Deater-Deckard & Dodge, 1997). Many studies have shown that the nature or efficacy of parental monitoring can vary by child, family, and environmental characteristics such as age (e.g., Drozdova et al, 2023) , racial or ethnic identity (e.g., Bumpus & Rodgers, 2009) , socioeconomic status (e.g., Rekker et al, 2017) , neighborhood safety (e.g., Skinner et al, 2014) , family structure (e.g., Padilla-Walker et al, 2011) , or parent-child relationship quality (e.g., Keijsers et al, 2009) . In our formulation, these child, family, and environmental characteristics should inform our evaluations of monitoring behaviors, as explained in Section 4.6.3.…”