Age and time trends in fish consumption pattern of children and adolescents, and consequences for the intake of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Sichert-Hellert, Wolfgang; Wicher, Meike; Kersting, Mathilde

doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.40

Cited by 24 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Similar findings have been reported from Belgium, where fish consumption, although low (8.6 g/d), was the main contributor to total EPA, DPA and DHA intakes, providing 53.5, 42.8 and 48.2 %, respectively [37]. A low fish consumption in children has also been reported in other countries, including Germany [38] and Guatemala [39]. A study on 1024 German children of age 2-18 years reported that mean intake of long chain n-3 PUFA (sum EPA + DHA) estimated using yearly 3-day weighed dietary records was 40-140 mg/d.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…A study on 1024 German children of age 2-18 years reported that mean intake of long chain n-3 PUFA (sum EPA + DHA) estimated using yearly 3-day weighed dietary records was 40-140 mg/d. It was lower in those that did not consume fish (below 20 mg/d), but twice as high in those that did eat fish; remaining constant after adjustment for total energy [38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Alternatives such as farmed fish may need to become a greater food source for delivery of n-3 LCPUFA. Therefore the challenge is to encourage non-fish eaters to include fish and seafood in their habitual diets, and to overcome reported barriers to intake, including undesirable physical properties (smell and bones), difficulties with preparation and cooking, unaffordability, presence of food allergies, and a perceived risk of pollutants [38,[50][51][52]. Communication of health messages that encourage children to include more fish in their diet [53,54] will be one aspect, while educating parents and caregivers about practical, easy ways to prepare fish dishes may be of higher importance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dietary Intake and Food Sources of EPA, DPA and DHA in Australian Children

Rahmawaty

Charlton

Lyons‐Wall

et al. 2013

Lipids

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Secondary analysis of the 2007 Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity survey was undertaken to assess the intake and food sources of EPA, DPA and DHA (excluding supplements) in 4,487 children aged 2-16 years. An average of two 24-h dietary recalls was analysed for each child and food sources of EPA, DPA and DHA were assessed using the Australian nutrient composition database called AUSNUT 2007. Median (inter quartile range, IQR) for EPA, DPA and DHA intakes (mg/day) for 2-3, 4-8, 9-13, 14-16 year were: EPA 5.3 (1.5-14), 6.7 (1.8-18), 8.7 (2.6-23), 9.8 (2.7-28) respectively; DPA 6.2 (2.2-14), 8.2 (3.3-18), 10.8 (4.3-24), 12.2 (5-29) respectively; and DHA 3.9 (0.6-24), 5.1 (0.9-26), 6.8 (1.1-27), 7.8 (1.5-33) respectively. Energy-adjusted intakes of EPA, DPA and DHA in children who ate fish were 7.5, 2 and 16-fold higher, respectively (P < 0.001) compared to those who did not eat fish during the 2 days of the survey. Intake of total long chain n-3 PUFA was compared to the energy adjusted suggested dietary target (SDT) for Australian children and 20 % of children who ate fish during the 2 days of the survey met the SDT. Fish and seafood products were the largest contributors to DHA (76 %) and EPA (59 %) intake, while meat, poultry and game contributed to 56 % DPA. Meat consumption was 8.5 times greater than that for fish/ seafood. Australian children do not consume the recommended amounts of long chain omega-3 fatty acids, especially DHA, which could be explained by low fish consumption. IQR) for EPA, DPA and DHA intakes (mg/d) for 2-3y, 4-8y, 9-13y, 14-16y were: EPA 5.3 (1.5-14), 6.7 (1.8-18), 8.7 (2.6-23), 9.8 (2.7-28) respectively; DPA 6.2 (2.2-14), respectively. Energy-adjusted intakes of EPA, DPA and DHA in children who ate fish were 7.5, 2 and 16-fold higher, respectively (P<0.001) compared to those who did not eat fish during the two days of the survey. Intake of total long chain n-3 PUFA was compared to the energy adjusted suggested dietary target (SDT) for Australian children and 20% of children who ate fish during the two days of the survey met the SDT. Fish and seafood products were the largest contributors to DHA (76%) and EPA (59%) intake, while meat, poultry and game contributed to 56% DPA. Meat was consumed 8.5 times greater than fish/seafood. Australian children do not consume the recommended amounts of long chain omega-3 fatty acids, especially DHA, which could be explained by low fish consumptions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dietary Intake and Food Sources of EPA, DPA and DHA in Australian Children

Rahmawaty

Charlton

Lyons‐Wall

et al. 2013

Lipids

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“…Meeting these intake recommendations would contribute approximately 450 mg of EPA/DHA, which is considered as the adequate intake level by the two agencies. The Joint Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Consultation on Fats and Fatty Acids in Human Nutrition provide a similar recommendation, namely 300 mg/day EPA and DHA, of which at least 200 mg/day should be DHA [13]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intake Levels of Fish in the UK Paediatric Population

Kranz

Jones²,

Monsivais³

2017

Nutrients

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The United Kingdom (UK) is an island and its culture, including diet, is heavily influenced by the maritime resources. Dietary guidance in the UK recommends intake of fish, which provides important nutrients, such as long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA). This study was designed to describe the fish intake habits of UK children using a nationally representative sample. Dietary and socio-demographic data of children 2–18 (N = 2096) in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Program (NDNS) Years 1–4 (2008–2012) were extracted. Average nutrient and food intakes were estimated. Logistic regression models were used to predict the meeting of fish intake recommendations, controlling for age, sex, income, total energy intake, and survey year. All analyses were conducted using survey routines and dietary survey weights. In this nationally representative study, 4.7% of children met the fish and 4.5% the oily fish intake recommendations; only 1.3% of the population met both recommendations. Fish intake levels did not significantly change with children’s increasing age. Higher vegetable but lower meat consumption predicted meeting the fish intake recommendations, indicating that children eating fish have better diet quality than non-consumers. Further research is needed to explore how intake behaviours can be changed to improve children’s diet quality.

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“…Independent meta-analyses of controlled trials suggest that fish oil (FO) supplementation is superior to placebo for reducing depressive symptoms in adult MDD patients [4-8]. The initial onset of MDD frequently occurs during adolescence [9,10], and a large percentage of adolescents residing in western countries consume low quantities of LC n -3 fatty acids in their diet [11-13]. Preliminary FO supplementation trials have observed reductions in depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with established mood disorders [14-16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and treatment of long-chain omega-3 fatty acid deficiency in adolescents with SSRI-resistant major depressive disorder

et al. 2014

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Residual depressive symptoms are commonly observed in adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) following treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This study combined a case-control analysis and an open-label fish oil (FO) trial to investigate the relationship between long-chain omega-3 (LCn-3) fatty acid status and residual depressive symptoms in SSRI-resistant adolescent MDD patients. Baseline erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)(-28%, p=0.0003), but not eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)(-18%, p=0.2), was significantly lower in patients (n=20) compared with healthy controls (n=20). Patients receiving 10-week low-dose (2.4 g/d, n=7) and high-dose (16.2 g/d, n=7) FO exhibited significant increases in erythrocyte EPA and DHA composition. In the intent-to-treat sample, depressive symptoms decreased significantly in the high-dose group (n=7, -40%, p<0.0001), and there was a trend in the low-dose group (n=10, −20%, p=0.06). Symptom remission was observed in 40% of patients in the low-dose group and 100% of patients in the high-dose group. There were no significant changes in vital signs and adverse events were rated as mild or moderate in severity. These preliminary findings demonstrate that adolescents with SSRI-resistant depression exhibit robust DHA deficits, and suggest that adjunctive FO supplementation is well-tolerated and effective for increasing LCn-3 fatty acid status and augmenting SSRI antidepressant effects.

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Age and time trends in fish consumption pattern of children and adolescents, and consequences for the intake of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Cited by 24 publications

References 14 publications

Dietary Intake and Food Sources of EPA, DPA and DHA in Australian Children

Dietary Intake and Food Sources of EPA, DPA and DHA in Australian Children

Intake Levels of Fish in the UK Paediatric Population

Detection and treatment of long-chain omega-3 fatty acid deficiency in adolescents with SSRI-resistant major depressive disorder

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