Age- and size-related trends in woody plant shoot development: regulatory pathways and evidence for genetic control

Day, Michael E.; Greenwood, Michael S.; Dı́az-Sala, Carmen

doi:10.1093/treephys/22.8.507

Cited by 121 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Experiments in a number of woody species (Doorenbos, 1954;Frank and Renner, 1956;Greenwood et al, 2010;McDaniel, 1980;Schwabe and AlDoori, 1973) suggest that the root system is a source of a juvenilizing factor, whereas defoliation experiments implicate leaves as the source of an adult-promoting factor (Ashby, 1948;Njoku, 1956b). Other studies have suggested that the overall size (Day et al, 2002;Greenwood et al, 2010) and growth rate (Borchert, 1964) of the shoot are key factors in this process. However, the different growth habits of the species used in these studies, as well as the fact that different traits were used as evidence of vegetative phase change in the different species, make it difficult to compare the results of these studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetative phase change is mediated by a leaf-derived signal that represses the transcription of miR156

2011

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SUMMARYVegetative phase change in Arabidopsis is regulated by miR156, a microRNA that promotes the expression of the juvenile phase and represses the expression of the adult phase. miR156 is expressed at a very high level early in shoot development and then decreases, leading to the onset of the adult phase. To determine the source of the factors that regulate vegetative phase change, we examined the effect of root and leaf ablation on the timing of this transition. Ablation of the root system or cotyledons had no effect on the timing of vegetative phase change, but ablation of leaf primordia delayed this transition in a miR156-dependent fashion. This treatment produced an increase in the overall abundance of miR156, which was attributable to an increase in the transcription of some, but not all, of the miR156 genes in Arabidopsis, and decreased the expression of SPL genes regulated by miR156. miR156 levels were also elevated by leaf ablation in Nicotiana benthamiana and in rejuvenating shoot apices of maize cultured in vitro. We conclude that vegetative phase change is initiated by a signal(s) produced by leaf primordia, which acts by repressing the transcription of specific members of the miR156 gene family.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetative phase change is mediated by a leaf-derived signal that represses the transcription of miR156

2011

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“…Gas exchange characteristics may change as trees become larger due to sizedependent variation in environmental and structural factors and their interactions, such as changes in light availability, hydraulic conductance, and carbon allocation (e.g., Yoder et al 1994;Gower et al 1996;Ryan and Yoder 1997). Some traits, such as leaf mass per area and sexual maturation, vary with meristem age independently of size (Bond 2000;Bond et al 2007;Greenwood et al 2008;Thomas 2011); however, developmental changes in gas exchange are driven by tree size rather than age (Day et al 2002;Mencuccini et al 2005;Bond et al 2007;Steppe et al 2011). Thus, we use the term size rather than age throughout this paper (McDowell et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships Between Tree Height and Carbon Isotope Discrimination

et al. 2011

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Understanding how tree size impacts leaf-and crown-level gas exchange is essential to predicting forest yields and carbon and water budgets. The stable carbon isotope ratio (d 13 C) of organic matter has been used to examine the relationship of gas exchange to tree size for a host of species because it carries a temporally integrated signature of foliar photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The carbon isotope composition of leaves reflects discrimination against 13 C relative to 12 C during photosynthesis and is the net result of the balance of change in CO 2 supply and demand at the sites of photosynthesis within the leaf mesophyll. Interpreting the patterns of changes in d 13 C with tree size are not always clear, however, because multiple factors that regulate gas exchange and carbon isotope discrimination (D) co-vary with height, such as solar irradiance and hydraulic conductance. Here we review 36 carbon isotope datasets from 38 tree species and conclude that there is a consistent, linear decline of D with height. The most parsimonious explanation of this result is that gravitational constraints on maximum leaf water potential set an ultimate boundary on the shape and sign of the relationship. These hydraulic constraints are manifest both over the long term through impacts on leaf structure, and over diel periods via impacts on stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and leaf hydraulic conductance. Shading induces a positive offset to the linear decline, consistent with light limitations reducing carbon fixation and increasing partial pressures of CO 2 inside of the leaf, p c at a given height. Biome differences between tropical and temperate forests were more important in predicting D and its relationship to height than wood type associated with being an angiosperm or gymnosperm. It is not yet clear how leaf internal conductance varies with leaf mass area, but some data in particularly tall, temperate conifers suggest that photosynthetic capacity may not vary dramatically with height when compared between tree-tops, while stomatal and leaf internal conductances do decline in unison with height within canopy gradients. It is also clear that light is a critical variable low in the canopy, whereas hydrostatic constraints dominate the relationship between D and height in the upper canopy. The trend of increasing maximum height with decreasing minimum D suggests that trees that become particularly tall may be adapted to tolerate particularly low values of p c .

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“…With the increased size of the tree, water and nutrients must be transported over increasing distances between the root and the apex [7]. The water supply to the leaves of the apex becomes constrained by gravity and hydraulic conductance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling Up of Leaf Transpiration and Stomatal Conductance of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla in Response to Environmental Variables

Tonello¹,

Filho²

2013

Agricultural Chemistry

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Age- and size-related trends in woody plant shoot development: regulatory pathways and evidence for genetic control

Cited by 121 publications

References 46 publications

Vegetative phase change is mediated by a leaf-derived signal that represses the transcription of miR156

Vegetative phase change is mediated by a leaf-derived signal that represses the transcription of miR156

Relationships Between Tree Height and Carbon Isotope Discrimination

Scaling Up of Leaf Transpiration and Stomatal Conductance of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla in Response to Environmental Variables

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