Age‐ and sex‐related differences in muscle phosphocreatine and oxygenation kinetics during high‐intensity exercise in adolescents and adults

Willcocks, Rebecca J.; Williams, Craig A.; Barker, Alan R.; Fulford, Jonathan; Armstrong, Neil

doi:10.1002/nbm.1495

Cited by 39 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Willcocks et al . () also observed that the matching of oxygen delivery to oxygen demand was superior in males relative to females during quadriceps exercise. Exercise efficiency in females compared with males requires further investigation.…”

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confidence: 82%

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Efficiency of energy transfer during exercise: what are the limiting factors?

Banks

Thompson

Lewis

2015

The Journal of Physiology

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Steady-state exercise at high intensity evokes specific oxygen demands. The expected increase in oxygen uptake (V O2 ) is supplemented by aV O2 slow component (V O2sc ), indicative of work inefficiency within locomotor muscles (e.g. quadriceps femoris). The underlying mechanisms contributing to work inefficiency remain speculative. It has been postulated that work inefficiency may result from contractile (via an increased rate of ATP consumption per unit of power output; P/W) and/or mitochondrial (via a reduction in the ratio of ATP resynthesis per oxygen converted to water; P/O) source.31 Phosphorus-magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 31 P-MRS) is a more recent technique that enables the quantification of metabolites (including adenosine triphosphate, ATP; inorganic phosphate, P i ; phosphocreatine, PCr; and pH) and can provide insight into the energy status in skeletal muscle. The simultaneous measurement of whole-bodyV O2 (via pulmonary gas exchange) and skeletal muscle ATP turnover (via 31 P-MRS) during moderate and heavy bilateral knee-extension exercise recently enabled Cannon et al. (2014) to explore this physiological dilemma. They examined thirteen healthy male participants and one female participant whom they identified as being either recreationally active or an amateur competitive athlete. Pulmonary gas exchange measures provided evidence of work inefficiency (via theV O2sc ) in heavy, but not moderate-intensity exercise. 31

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confidence: 82%

“…Willcocks et al . () have documented that the [PCr] cost per watt was higher in females than males in the quadriceps muscle. This may suggest either decreased oxidative capacity or impaired exercise efficiency among females.…”

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confidence: 99%

Efficiency of energy transfer during exercise: what are the limiting factors?

Banks

Thompson

Lewis

2015

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Two studies of responses to high-intensity constant work rate exercise have not identified statistically significant age69 or maturational70 differences in metabolic responses but large SDs, small sample sizes and differences of ∼42–66% between groups in end-exercise PCr or PCr kinetics during exercise infer possible biological significance.…”

Section: Pulmonary Oxygen Uptake Kinetics and Muscle Phosphocreatine mentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle metabolism changes with age and maturation: How do they relate to youth sport performance?

2015

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Aim: To provide an evidence-based review of muscle metabolism changes with sex-age-and maturation with reference to the development of youth sport performance. Methods:A narrative review of data from both invasive and non-invasive studies, from 1970-2015, founded on personal databases supported with computer searches of PubMed and Google Scholar.Results: Youth sport performance is underpinned by sex-age-and maturation-related changes in muscle metabolism. Investigations of muscle size, structure and metabolism; substrate utilization; pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics; muscle phosphocreatine kinetics; peak anaerobic and aerobic performance; and fatigue resistance; determined using a range of conventional and emerging techniques present a consistent picture. Age-related changes have been consistently documented but specific and independent maturation-related effects on muscle metabolism during exercise have proved elusive to establish. Children are better equipped for exercise supported primarily by oxidative metabolism than by anaerobic metabolism. Sexual dimorphism is apparent in several physiological variables underpinning youth sport performance. As young people mature there is a progressive but asynchronous transition into an adult metabolic profile. Conclusion:The application of recent developments in technology to the laboratory study of the exercising child and adolescent has both supplemented existing knowledge and provided novel insights into developmental exercise physiology. A sound foundation of laboratorybased knowledge has been established but the lack of rigorously designed child-and sportspecific testing environments has clouded the interpretation of the data in real life situations.The primary challenge remains the translation of laboratory research into the optimisation of youth sports participation and performance. Abstract: 249 wordsText: 3997 words

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“…Muscle deoxygenation has been investigated after training in children (Marwood et al., ), and HHb data suggested that training induced faster VO 2p kinetics in trained children were due to the enhancements in both central (oxygen delivery) and peripheral (oxygen utilization) mechanisms (Marwood et al., ). Other studies investigated muscle deoxygenation in children (Barker et al., ; Willcocks et al., ) but did not compare this population to adults at the onset of moderate‐intensity exercise in order to clarify the mechanisms responsible of potential VO 2p kinetics differences between the two populations.…”

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confidence: 99%

Faster pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics in children vs adults due to enhancements in oxygen delivery and extraction

Leclair

Berthoin

Borel

et al. 2012

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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This study aimed to examine if the faster pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2p) phase 2 in children could be explained by increased O2 availability or extraction at the muscle level. For that purpose, O2 availability and extraction were assessed using deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) estimated by near-infrared spectroscopy during moderate-intensity constant load cycling exercise in children and young adults. Eleven prepubertal boys and 12 men volunteered to participate in the study. They performed one maximal graded exercise to determine the power associated with the gas exchange threshold (GET) and four constant load exercises at 90% of GET. VO2p and HHb were continuously monitored. VO2p , HHb, and estimated capillary blood flow (Qcap) kinetics were modelled after a time delay and characterized by the time to achieve 63% of the amplitude (τ) and by mean response time (MRT: time delay + τ), respectively. Mean values of τ for VO2p (P < 0.001), of MRT for HHb (P < 0.01) and of MRT for Qcap (P < 0.001) were significantly shorter in children. Faster VO2p kinetics have been shown in children; these appear due to both faster O2 extraction and delivery kinetics as indicated by faster HHb and Qcap kinetics, respectively.

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Age‐ and sex‐related differences in muscle phosphocreatine and oxygenation kinetics during high‐intensity exercise in adolescents and adults

Cited by 39 publications

References 55 publications

Efficiency of energy transfer during exercise: what are the limiting factors?

Efficiency of energy transfer during exercise: what are the limiting factors?

Muscle metabolism changes with age and maturation: How do they relate to youth sport performance?

Faster pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics in children vs adults due to enhancements in oxygen delivery and extraction

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