Age and geomorphic history of Meteor Crater, Arizona, from cosmogenic 36Cl and 14C in rock varnish

Phillips, Fred M.; Zréda, Marek; Smith, Stewart S; Elmore, D.; Kubik, Peter W.; Dorn, Ronald I.; Roddy, D. J.

doi:10.1016/0016-7037(91)90387-k

Cited by 89 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The most commonly measured are 3 He, 2 1 Ne, 1 0 Be (tl/2=1.5 x 106 yr), 2 6 A1 (tl/2=7.2 x10 5 yr), and 36 C1 (t1/2=3x 105 yr). In the last decade a number of groups have developed the capability to make these measurements and application to geological problems is beginning (e.g., Phillips et al, 1991; Anthony and Poths, 1992; . Several groups are also developing the capability to measure in situ 4 1 Ca (tl/2=1.02 x 103 yr) and 14 C (t1/2=5.7 x 103 yr) Jull et al, 1992).…”

Section: List Of Tablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Altitudes were determined from altimeter measurements calibrated with surveyed benchmarks. Measurement of surrounding topography using a hand-held clinometer indicated no significant shielding effects (e.g., Zreda et al, 1991) and no corrections to the data for boulder geometry Locations of samples discussed in the text; sample locations were located using air photographs. Only the outermost moraine loop in each sequence .s shown.…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although application of cosmogenic nuclides to geological problems is beginning (e.g., Phillips et al, 1991;, further understanding of cosmogenic nuclide systematics, including production mechanisms, production rates, and noble gas diffusion, is necessary to fully utilize cosmogenic nuclides in surface exposure studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface exposure geochronology using cosmogenic nuclides : applications in Antarctic glacial geology

Brook¹

1993

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Cosmogenic 3 He, 2 6 A1, and 10 Be have been measured in a variety of Antarctic glacial deposits in the McMurdo Sound-Dry Valleys region. The goals of this project were to provide age constraints for Antarctic glacial events, to investigate production mechanisms of 3 He, 10Be, and 2 6 A1 in terrestrial rocks, to constrain the importance of loss of 3 He from quartz due to diffusion, and to refine methods of exposure-age dating.Moraines deposited in Arena Valley by the Taylor Glacier, an outlet glacier of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, have exposure ages from -120 kyr to 2 myr. 1 0 Be and 3 He ages of 122 + 29 and 134 ± 54 kyr, respectively, for the Taylor II moraine are consistent with deposition during isotope stage 5e (-120 kyr) and with aerial expansions of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet during interglacial periods. Mean 1 0 Be exposure ages for older moraines in the valley are 362 + 26 kyr (Taylor III), 1.1 ± 0.1 myr (Taylor IVa) and 1.9 ± 0.1 myr (Taylor IVb). Because these older moraines were deposited at most -200 m above the Taylor II limit their ages suggest that major ice sheet advances during the last 2 myr have been broadly similar in magnitude to changes during the last glacial-interglacial cycle. 10 Be ages for stratigraphically older drift deposited by the Taylor Glacier allow extension of this conclusion to -3 myr.1 0 Be measurements in high altitude, pre-Pleistocene glacial deposits in the Dry Valleys preclude rapid uplift of the Transantarctic Mountains (400-1000 m/myr) suggested by controversial biostratigraphic studies of Sirius Group tills. Comparison of measured 10Be concentrations in Sirius Group deposits with those predicted with a model of the effects of uplift on 1 0 Be production suggests minimal uplift of the Transantarctic Mountains over the last 3 myr.3 He, 1 0 Be and 2 6 A1 ages for the "late Wisconsin" Ross Sea Drift, a glacial drift deposited on the coast of McMurdo Sound by the Ross Sea Ice Sheet, range from 8-106 kyr. The age range suggests that this deposit does not, as previous studies suggested, represent a single ice advance in response to lowered sea level at the last glacial maximum. The age range may reflect several ice sheet advances during the last glacial period.Paired measurements of 3 He and 1 0 Be in a number of quartz sandstones from the Dry Valleys region show that cosmogenic 3 He is not completely retained on time scales of greater than 200 kyr. The 3 He and 1 0 Be data, combined with measurements of 3 He concentrations in quartz as a function of grain size, suggest effective 3 He diffusion coefficients in quartz from ~10 -19 to 10-17 cm 2 s -1. These values are one to three orders of magnitude greater than previous experimental determinations extrapolated to low temperature. The data also suggest that 3 He diffusion rates in quartz do not follow simple volume diffusion trends and are probably sample dependent.Crushing quartz grains in vacuo releases variable concentrations of 3 He and 4 He and releases helium with surprisingly high isotopic compositions, u...

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Section: List Of Tablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface exposure geochronology using cosmogenic nuclides : applications in Antarctic glacial geology

Brook¹

1993

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“…Previous age estimates had ranged from 25 ± 5 ka, based on stage of soil development, to 49 ± 3 ka from thermoluminescence data. Two independent studies employing 36 Cl (Phillips et al, 1991) and 10 Be and 26 Al (Nishiizumi et al, 1991a) confirmed the thermoluminescence dating, with Phillips et al (1991) finding a mean age of 49.7 ± 0.85 ka for four ejected boulders, and Nishiizumi et al (1991a) establishing an overall lower bound on the crater age of 49.2 ± 1.7 ka. Cosmogenic isotope analysis is clearly applicable to dating recently formed terrestrial impact structures, and thereby improving estimates of impact recurrence intervals, although erosional, weathering and burial effects make sampling and data interpretation more complex for older craters.…”

Section: Episodic Denudationmentioning

confidence: 66%

Geomorphological applications of cosmogenic isotope analysis

Cockburn

Summerfield

2004

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

148

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Cosmogenic isotope analysis involves the measurement of cosmogenic nuclides that have accumulated in the upper few metres of the Earth's surface as a result of interactions between cosmic rays and target elements. The concentrations of these cosmogenic nuclides can provide quantitative estimates of the timing and rate of geomorphic processes. In dating applications the concentration of cosmogenic nuclides is interpreted as reflecting the time elapsed since a surface exposure event. However, over most of the Earth's surface for most of the time the landsurface experiences incremental denudation and in these circumstances cosmogenic nuclide concentrations are related to the rate of denudation. Applications of event dating using cosmogenic isotopes include constructional landforms such as volcanic and depositional features, fault displacement, meteorite impacts, rapid mass movement, bedrock surfaces rapidly eroded by fluvial or wave action or exposed by glacial retreat, and the burial of sediment or ice. Strategies for quantifying rates of incremental change include estimates of denudation rates from site-specific samples and from fluvial sediment samples reflecting catchment-wide rates, and measurements of cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in soils and regolith to quantify rates of rock weathering. The past decade has seen a rapid growth in applications of cosmogenic isotope analysis to a wide range of geomorphological problems, and the technique is now playing a major role in dating and quantifying rates of landscape change over timescales of several thousands to several millions of years.

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“…The age range for these seismically studied structures extends from the 2.02 Gyr old Vredefort-Witwatersrand structure of South Africa (cf. Reimold 2001, 2005) to the 49.7 kyr old Barringer impact structure (e.g., Phillips et al 1991).…”

Section: Seismological Investigations Of Impact Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ seismic measurements in borehole LB‐08A in the Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana: Preliminary interpretation

Schmitt

Milkereit

Karp

et al. 2007

Meteorit & Planetary Scien

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Abstract-In order to assist in the interpretation of previous seismic refraction and reflection surveys, a vertical seismic profile was acquired in the Lake Bosumtwi (Ghana) hard-rock core hole LB-08A. No seismic reflections are seen in the up-going wave field obtained, and this observation is consistent with the lack of reflectivity observed in the corresponding 2-D surface seismic profile obtained in earlier studies. Direct down-going P-waves were found both in the cased sediment column from a depth of 73 m to 239 m below the lake surface and in the open-hole "hard rock" section from a depth of 239 m to 451 m of LB-08A. Analysis of the observed travel times indicates a nearly constant P-wave velocity of 1520 m/s through the soft lacustrine sediments. In the hard-rock, however, the P-wave velocity rapidly increases by nearly 30% from 2600 m/s to 3340 m/s. These values are in good agreement with the gross velocity structure obtained in the earlier joint inversion of seismic reflection and refraction data. These values are low relative to those expected for the metasedimentary protoliths, an observation that has been made at other young impact structures of similar size. The low velocities, together with the fact that they increase so rapidly, is suggestive of a decreasing density of fractures and microcracks with depth. Consequently, the seismic velocity trend may provide a proxy measure of damage, and hence, the decay of the shock pressure from the impact point. Validation of this requires additional detailed studies of the porosity structure in the core.

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Age and geomorphic history of Meteor Crater, Arizona, from cosmogenic 36Cl and 14C in rock varnish

Cited by 89 publications

References 17 publications

Surface exposure geochronology using cosmogenic nuclides : applications in Antarctic glacial geology

Surface exposure geochronology using cosmogenic nuclides : applications in Antarctic glacial geology

Geomorphological applications of cosmogenic isotope analysis

In situ seismic measurements in borehole LB‐08A in the Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana: Preliminary interpretation

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