Age and Gender Related Normal Motion of the Cervical Spine

Dvořák, Jiří; Antinnes, J. A.; Panjabi, Manohar M.; Loustalot, Daniel; Bonomo, Marco

doi:10.1097/00007632-199210001-00009

Cited by 253 publications

(186 citation statements)

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“…The CA-6000 spine motion analyzer has been used in numerous studies concerned with establishing normative cervical range of motion data for individuals of differing age and gender [5,6,13] and for identifying deficits in mobility associated with certain disorders of the cervical spine [10]. It has been established as a reliable and popular tool for mobility measurements [6,13,14], although the capacity of the instrument to simultaneously record muscle activity during measurement of the RoM has not been well exploited.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been established as a reliable and popular tool for mobility measurements [6,13,14], although the capacity of the instrument to simultaneously record muscle activity during measurement of the RoM has not been well exploited. The previously reported relationship between age and mobility [6] was confirmed in the present study, and the results also support the conclusion of Hagen et al [10], that cervical RoM testing is a useful tool to assess impairment. The mean RoM was significantly lower in the group of whiplash patients than in the healthy controls and, within the patient group, symptomatic patients had for the most part lower average RoMs than asymptomatic patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Spine Motion Analyzer CA-6000 (CA-600; Orthopedic Systems Inc., Hayward, Calif.) has previously been described in detail [6,13]. Briefly, it comprises a multibar linkage arm that computes unrestricted six-degree-of-freedom motion using high precision potentiometers.…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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et al. 2001

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“…Additional studies have supported these findings. 7,22 In addition, Ogince et al 22 found that movement impairment found on the FRT has high sensitivity (91%) and specificity (90%) to identify cervicogenic headache. Thus the FRT is a useful measure of cervical movement impairment and may be able to assist diagnosis of cervicogenic headache.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of a C1-C2 Self-sustained Natural Apophyseal Glide (SNAG) in the Management of Cervicogenic Headache

Hall¹,

Chan²,

Christensen³

et al. 2007

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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Headache is a common condition frequently encountered by physiotherapists in clinical practice. 18 Cervicogenic headache has been classified by the International Headache Society (IHS) 1 and accounts for 15% to 20% of all chronic and recurrent headaches. 20 Individuals with chronic cervicogenic headache experience considerable restriction of daily function, limitation of social participation, and emotional distress. 5 In addition, these t sTudy design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial.t objeCTives: To determine the effect of a C1-C2 self-sustained natural apophyseal glide (SNAG) on cervicogenic headache. t baCkground: Cervicogenic headache is a common condition causing significant disability. Recent studies have shown a high incidence of C1-C2 dysfunction, evaluated by the flexion-rotation test (FRT), in subjects with cervicogenic headache. To manage this dysfunction, Mulligan has described a C1-C2 self-SNAG, though no studies have investigated the efficacy of this intervention approach.t meTHods: A sample of 32 subjects (mean 6 SD age, 36 6 3 years) with cervicogenic headache and FRT limitation were randomized into a C1-C2 self-SNAG or placebo group. After an initial instruction and practice visit in the clinic, interventions consisted of exercises applied independently by the subject twice daily at home on a continual basis. FRT range was measured twice, before and immediately after the instruction and practice visit. Headache symptoms were determined by a headache index over time, assessed by questionnaire preintervention, at 4 weeks postintervention, and at 12 months postintervention.t resulTs: No differences were found in baseline measures between groups. Immediately after the initial instruction and practice visit performed with the supervision of the therapist, FRT range increased by 15° (SD, 9) for the C1-C2 self-SNAG group (P,.001), which was significantly more than 5° (SD, 5) for the placebo intervention (P,.001). There was also a significant interaction for the variable headache index between group and time (P,.001), indicating that group difference was dependent on time. There was no difference in headache index scores at baseline between groups. Headache index scores were substantially less in the C1-C2 self-SNAG group (mean 6 SD points at 4 weeks, 31 6 9; mean 6 SD points at 12 months, 24 6 9) compared to the placebo group (mean 6 SD points at 4 weeks, 51 6 15; mean 6 SD points at 12 months, 44 6 13) at 4 weeks (P,.001) and 12 months (P,.001), with an overall (6SD) reduction of 54% (617%) for the individuals in the C1-C2 self-SNAG group.t ConClusions: These results provide evidence for the efficacy of the C1-C2 self-SNAG technique in the management of individuals with cervicogenic headache.

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“…However, the radiographic techniques have the disadvantage of radiation exposure, equipment availability, expense and time consumption. Moreover, goniometric techniques have been employed to measure cervical range of motion with high reproducible measurements and good correlation with radiographically determined range of motion [1,12,20,23,27,28]. Several studies have compared different methods for the evaluation of cervical range of motion and investigation of their reliability [25,27,29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional analysis of cervical spine motion: reliability of a computer assisted magnetic tracking device compared to inclinometer

et al. 2008

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We aimed to investigate the reliability and reproducibility of a magnetic tracking technique for the assessment of overall cervical spine motion (principal and coupled movements). Ten asymptomatic male volunteers with a mean age of 29.3 years (range 20-37 years) were included in the study. Flexion, extension, left and right lateral bending and left and right axial rotation were measured using a magnetic tracking device (MTD) mounted onto a custom head-piece. For rotational movements in the frontal and sagittal planes the results were compared with the measurements of two standard inclinometers. Intra-observer, inter-observer and intrainstrument reliability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient method. There were no significant differences for all motion measurements between the MTD and the inclinometer. High inter-observer reliability was found in flexion, extension, axial rotation and lateral bending indicating that the testing routine is applicable for different examiners. The intra-observer variability was high in flexion and extension, whereas in lateral bending the reliability coefficients were lower and displayed a fair to good reliability for most of the measurements with the MTD. The results of the MTD were found to be highly comparable with the inclinometer results with an interinstrument correlation coefficient ranging from 0.88 to 0.99. The MTD is a reliable, reproducible method for three-dimensional motion analysis of the cervical spine and therefore a valuable method both for the clinical assessment of various degenerative and traumatic disorders and as a supplement of different therapeutic procedures and rehabilitation.

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Age and Gender Related Normal Motion of the Cervical Spine

Cited by 253 publications

References 1 publication

Trapped in the neutral zone: another symptom of whiplash-associated disorder?

Trapped in the neutral zone: another symptom of whiplash-associated disorder?

Efficacy of a C1-C2 Self-sustained Natural Apophyseal Glide (SNAG) in the Management of Cervicogenic Headache

Three-dimensional analysis of cervical spine motion: reliability of a computer assisted magnetic tracking device compared to inclinometer

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