Age and depression: Unique and shared effects.

Lewinsohn, Peter M.; Rohde, Paul; Seeley, John R.; Fischer, Scott A.

doi:10.1037/0882-7974.6.2.247

Cited by 80 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…Our results corroborate those of other researchers who found that age per se is not a risk factor for depression, outside of the effect of other risk factors (12,13,15,22). In a particularly insightful paper, Lewinsohn et al (16) reported that the correlates of depression were not part of the aging pattern, which they defined primarily by negative changes in psychophysiological and neuropsychological functioning. These changes were not associated with depression.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Thus, our findings and those of Kennedy et al (23) have been reported by many others using cross-sectional data for both elderly and general community samples (15,16,25). In general, previous research has found women, the less educated, the unmarried, those with health and disability problems, those with financial problems, those with more negative life events, and those with less social support and greater isolation to be at greater risk for depression.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

“…We base this conclusion on a small but growing number of studies reporting that what seem to be age-related effects on depression are the result of other risk factors, particularly physical health problems and related disability (12)(13)(14)(15). In a particularly insightful paper, Lewinsohn et al (16) reported that the correlates of depression were not part of the aging pattern. They defined the aging pattern primarily by negative changes in psychophysiological and neuropsychological functioning; these changes in turn were not associated with depression.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does growing old increase the risk for depression?

Roberts

Kaplan²,

Shema³

et al. 1997

AJP

199

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The answer to this question remains unclear. Community-based epidemiologic studies have reported rates of clinical depression in samples of older adults in the range of 1%-16%. As in the case for most disorders, prevalence rates for depression vary considerably depending on the sample studied and methods used. For example, Girling et al. (1) noted that studies using DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria generally yielded lower prevalence rates for major depressive disorder in the elderly. Studies that focused on symptoms of depression reported much higher prevalence rates than did studies using diagnostic procedures. Studies using the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and DSM criteria have tended to generate prevalence rates for major depressive disorder on the order of 1%-3% (2-4), whereas studies using instruments designed specifically for use with the elderly have reported prevalence rates of 11%-16% for elderly subjects who have substantial depressive symptoms but who do not meet diagnostic criteria for major depression (5-7).There actually have been few studies of depression among the very elderly, even though this segment of the population is one of the fastest growing. The few studies that have been done report disparate prevalence rates for major depression, ranging from less than 3% to more than 12% (1,8).Snowdon (9) commented on this divergence of findings from epidemiologic investigations in 1990; he noted that the results of prevalence surveys of depression among the elderly can be grouped into low prevalence studies and high prevalence studies on the basis of measurement strategy. Studies that used the DIS and/or DSM criteria yielded much lower rates of depression than did those using other procedures. Snowdon argued that dementia, disability, physical illness, bereavement, loss of independence and security, and suicide all are much more common in old age; therefore, prevalence of depression should increase as well. However, others

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Does growing old increase the risk for depression?

Roberts

Kaplan²,

Shema³

et al. 1997

AJP

199

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show abstract

“…[24][25][26][27] One limitation of our results was that, although we had data from a prospective study, we had only two waves of data on obesity and depression. Both obesity and depression are, in many respects, health conditions that are the product of the life-long interaction of risk and protective factors, and two observation points over 5 y capture only a small interval in the lives of people 50-94 y of age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective association between obesity and depression: evidence from the Alameda County Study

et al. 2003

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OBJECTIVE:To examine the temporal relation between obesity and depression to determine if each constitutes a risk factor for the other. DESIGN: A two-wave, 5-y-observational study with all measures at both times. SUBJECTS: A total of 2123 subjects, 50 y of age and older, who participated in the 1994 and 1999 waves of the Alameda County Study. MEASUREMENTS: Obesity defined as body mass index (BMI)X30. Depression assessed using DSM-IV symptom criteria for major depressive episodes. Covariates include indicators of age, gender, education, marital status, social support, life events, physical health problems, and functional limitations. RESULTS: Obesity at baseline was associated with increased risk of depression 5 y later, even after controlling for depression at baseline and an array of covariates. The reverse was not true; depression did not increase the risk of future obesity. CONCLUSION: These results, the first ever on reciprocal effects between obesity and depression, add to a growing body of evidence concerning the adverse effects of obesity on mental health. More studies are needed on the relation between obesity and mental health and implications for prevention and treatment.

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“…Older adults have a comparable or higher prevalence of minor depression, dysthymia, or significant depressive symptoms compared with younger persons (Blazer, 2002). Data from a number of studies indicate that across the adult life span, the highest depression scores are found among younger adults and persons 75 years and older (e.g., Lewinsohn, Rohde, Seeley, & Fischer, 1991).…”

Section: Using Cbt For Treating Depression In the Rural Elderlymentioning

confidence: 96%

Treating the aged in rural communities: the application of cognitive‐behavioral therapy for depression

2010

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Many rural communities are experiencing an increase in their older adult population. Older adults who live in rural areas typically have fewer resources and poorer mental and physical health status than do their urban counterparts. Depression is the most prevalent mental health problem among older adults, and 80% of the cases are treatable. Unfortunately, for many rural elders, depressive disorders are widely under-recognized and often untreated or undertreated. Psychotherapy is illustrated with the case of a 65-year-old rural married man whose presenting complaint was depressive symptoms after a myocardial infarction and loss of ability to work. The case illustrates that respect for rural elderly clients' deeply held beliefs about gender and therapy, coupled with an understanding of their limited resources, can be combined with psychoeducational and therapeutic interventions to offer new options.

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Age and depression: Unique and shared effects.

Cited by 80 publications

References 46 publications

Does growing old increase the risk for depression?

Does growing old increase the risk for depression?

Prospective association between obesity and depression: evidence from the Alameda County Study

Treating the aged in rural communities: the application of cognitive‐behavioral therapy for depression

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