Agarwood Induction: Current Developments and Future Perspectives

Tan, Cheng Seng; Isa, Nurulhikma Md; Ismail, Ismanizan; Zainal, Zamri

doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00122

Cited by 97 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 143 publications

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“…From these results, we conclude that wounding is the primary factor in agarwood formation, in agreement with others (Xu et al 2013). Physical stress, whether wounding or pathogen attack, will activate the signal transmission pathway that leads to activation of the transcription factor that regulates sesquiterpene synthase (Tan et al 2019). Wound or damage in agarwood-producing trees leads to pathogenic microbe invasion around the wound, which will elicit the defense mechanism that subsequently leads to initiation of agarwood formation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Fusarium solani induces the formation of agarwood in Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke branches

et al. 2020

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Agarwood is a resinous wood produced by some members of plant family Thymelaeaceae under certain conditions. Agarwood is highly prized, but its formation requires a long-time process in nature. Therefore, various induction techniques have been explored to hasten the process. In this study, we induced agarwood in Gyrinops versteegii, one of the most abundant agarwood-producing trees in Indonesia. We used 12 trees and wounded four branches on each tree through an injection process. We used two strains of the endophytic fungi Fusarium solani isolated from Gorontalo and Jambi Provinces. After 3 months, the inoculated wood had an extensive resinous zone, when compared to wounded control wood. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the inoculated samples revealed the presence of several sesquiterpenes characteristic of agarwood. These included alloaromadendrene, β-eudesmol and β-selinene as well as the chromone derivatives 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromen-4-one, 6-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromen-4-one, and 6,7-dimethoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromen-4-one. We conclude that this method successfully induced agarwood to form in a matter of months and could be used to enhance the success of agarwood cultivation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Fusarium solani induces the formation of agarwood in Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke branches

et al. 2020

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“…In modern days, fungi species are also artificially inoculated into the tree. Use of chemical substances such as salts, phytohormones, minerals, formic acid, CA-kit, and Agar-wit have also been reported (Tan et al 2019).…”

Section: Economic Importancementioning

confidence: 96%

Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. Thymelaeaceae

Mustaqim¹

2020

Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions

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Botany and Ecology Description: Tree, up to 40 m or rarely to 49 m tall, trunk to 60 cm across. Buttresses sometimes present. Outer bark whitish-gray, smooth. Twigs pubescent, finally glabrous. Leaves simple, alternate, borne on 3-6 mm long petiole; blades oblonglanceolate to elliptic-oblong, 6-12 Â 2.5-5.5 cm, vary from papery to leathery, base obtuse, acute, or attenuate, apex with distinct acumen up to 2 cm long, lateral veins 12-16 on each side of the midrib, tend to be irregular, obscure or flat above, raised beneath, intercostal venation obscure above, distinct beneath. Flowers arranged in variously positioned branched inflorescence, axillary, supraaxillary or terminal, peduncle 5-15 mm long, branches usually 2 or 3, each branch consists of umbellate inflorescence, flowers about 10. Flowers green to a dirty yellow, actinomorphic, on 3-6 mm long pedicels. Calyx forming a campanulate tube, pale green or green, 5-6 mm long, 10-ribbed, clad with minute hairs on the outside, glabrous inside; lobes reflexed, ovate-oblong, 2-3 mm long, densely hairy inside; petaloid appendages slightly incurved, ovate-oblong, c. 1 mm long; stamens 1-2 mm long, stalk absent, pubescent; style obscure, ended by a capitate stigma. Fruits pendulous, stalk usually indistinct; obovoid or narrowly so, 3-4 Â 2.5 cm, cuneate at the base, apex rounded; subtended by persistent calyx, lobes up to 1 cm across, hairy at first, later glabrous, with a woody pericarp. Seeds ovoid, 10-11 Â 6 mm including the beak, clad with red hairs, with tail-like funicle, funicle pubescent. Germination epigeal.

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“…2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromones are among the most abundant constitutes of the agarwood, which is a resinous part of the non-timber Aquilaria tree, which is a highly valuable product for medicine and fragrance purposes [ 98 ]. Considering the economic importance of this product and the need to preserve Aquilaria species, some strategies were developed to produce agarwood.…”

Section: Secondary Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary Metabolites of Lasiodiplodia theobromae: Distribution, Chemical Diversity, Bioactivity, and Implications of Their Occurrence

Salvatore

Alves

Andolfi

2020

Toxins

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Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a plant pathogenic fungus from the family Botryosphaeriaceae that is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions. It has been associated with many hosts, causing diverse diseases and being responsible for serious damages on economically important crops. A diverse array of bioactive low molecular weight compounds has been described as being produced by L. theobromae cultures. In this review, the existing literature on secondary metabolites of L. theobromae, their bioactivity, and the implications of their occurrence are compiled. Moreover, the effects of abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, nutrient availability) on secondary metabolites production are highlighted, and possible avenues for future research are presented. Currently, a total of 134 chemically defined compounds belonging to the classes of secondary metabolites and fatty acids have been reported from over 30 L. theobromae isolates. Compounds reported include cyclohexenes and cyclohexenones, indoles, jasmonates, lactones, melleins, phenols, and others. Most of the existing bioactivity studies of L. theobromae metabolites have assessed their potential phytotoxic, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities. In fact, its host adaptability and its ability to cause diseases in plants as well as in humans may be related to the capacity to produce bioactive compounds directly involved in host–fungus interactions.

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Agarwood Induction: Current Developments and Future Perspectives

Cited by 97 publications

References 143 publications

Fusarium solani induces the formation of agarwood in Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke branches

Fusarium solani induces the formation of agarwood in Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke branches

Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. Thymelaeaceae

Secondary Metabolites of Lasiodiplodia theobromae: Distribution, Chemical Diversity, Bioactivity, and Implications of Their Occurrence

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