Agar-based edible films for food packaging applications - A review

Mostafavi, Firoozeh; Zaeim, Davood

doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.123

Cited by 214 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 140 publications

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“…In general, the films exhibited the characteristic peaks of both the OFI CP 28 and agar (unpurified), 29 and the increase of the glycerol concentration from 0 to 60% induced a decrease in the crystallinity of the plasticized films, particularly for the higher concentration of glycerol (CP/A‐G60) where most of the diffraction peaks disappeared (Figure 2(d)). Moreover, the small shift of some of the peaks to lower 2θ values might be indicative of the formation of hydrogen bonds between the three components, as reviewed by Vieira et al 24 and Mostafavi and Zaeim 14 . This behavior was anticipated since the incorporation of external plasticizers (which are not chemically attached to the polymer chains by primary bonds 24 ) to increase the flexibility and workability of polymeric materials, weakens the intermolecular forces between neighboring polymer chains, which in turn translates into less compact molecular packing and, thus, films with lower crystallinity 14,24 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The increase of the WVTR of films with higher glycerol content can be allocated to the hydrophilic nature of the plasticizer, which facilitates the water diffusion in the polymeric films 24 . Understandably, the inclusion of a hydrophilic external plasticizer, such as glycerol, weakens the intermolecular forces between neighboring polymer chains and forms less compact molecular packing, which in turn can reduces the barrier properties of the films against moisture 14 . Moreover, the increase in WVTR was evidently observed as the surface hydrophilicity increased (Figure 6(b)).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bio‐based sustainable films from the Algerian Opuntia ficus‐indica cladodes powder: Effect of plasticizer content

Makhloufi

Chougui

Rezgui

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The present study investigated the fabrication and characterization of bio‐based sustainable films composed of a terrestrial plant raw material, namely Opuntia ficus‐indica (OFI) cladodes powder (CP) and a marine seaweed derivative, namely agar (A). The effect of glycerol concentration on the properties of the casted films was evaluated at four different contents, namely 30, 40, 50 and 60 wt%. The films present UV‐blocking properties, as well as moderate mechanical performance, thermal stability, and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). The results point to an increase in thickness, elongation at break, moisture content, water solubility, and WVTR with increasing glycerol content. On the contrary, Young's modulus, tensile strength, and water contact angle decreased as glycerol concentration increased. The best combination is obtained for the film with 30% glycerol, based on an intermediate compromise between physical, mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties. All these outcomes express the potentiality of the powder obtained from grinding the OFI cladodes as raw material to produce low‐cost films for the development of sustainable packaging materials.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio‐based sustainable films from the Algerian Opuntia ficus‐indica cladodes powder: Effect of plasticizer content

Makhloufi

Chougui

Rezgui

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…and Gracilaria sp. ), agar is a heterogeneous complex mixture composed of agarose (gelling fraction) and agaropectin (non-gelling fraction) [21]. Agarose is a linear polysaccharide whose chemical structure consists of β-D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactose repeating units through alternating α-(1→3) and β-(1→4) glycosidic bonds [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasticized Starch/Agar Composite Films: Processing, Morphology, Structure, Mechanical Properties and Surface Hydrophilicity

et al. 2021

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Natural biopolymers, which are renewable, widely available, biodegradable, and biocompatible, have attracted huge interest in the development of biocomposite materials. Herein, formulation–property relationships for starch/agar composite films were investigated. First, rapid visco analysis was used to confirm the conditions needed for their gelation and to prepare filmogenic solutions. All the original crystalline and/or lamellar structures of starch and agar were destroyed, and films with cohesive and compact structures were formed, as shown by SEM, XRD, and SAXS. All the plasticized films were predominantly amorphous, and the polymorphs of the composite films were closer to that of the agar-only film. FTIR results suggest that the incorporation of agar restricted starch chain interaction and rearrangement. The addition of agar to starch increased both tensile strength and elongation at break, but the improvements were insignificant after the agar content was over 50 wt.%. Contact angle results indicate that compared with the other samples, the 4:6 (wt./wt.) starch/agar film was less hydrophilic. Thus, this work shows that agar dominates the structure and properties of starch/agar composites, and the best properties can be obtained with a certain starch/agar ratio. Such composite polysaccharide films with tailored mechanical properties and surface hydrophilicity could be useful in biodegradable packaging and biomedical applications (wound dressing and tissue scaffolding).

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“…The biopolymer is categorized as Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) by the US FDA. It received the GRAS status in the year 1972 [ 22 ]. Since then, the biopolymer has been used extensively in food and biomedical applications ( Figure 5 ).…”

Section: Polysaccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The biopolymer forms good quality films. However, the films that are formed by the agar are highly brittle and possess poor moisture barrier properties and thermal stabilities [ 22 ]. A significant number of studies are being carried out to overcome the aforesaid disadvantages of agar films and to make the agar-based films suitable as edible films and coatings.…”

Section: Polysaccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential Oil-Containing Polysaccharide-Based Edible Films and Coatings for Food Security Applications

2021

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The wastage of food products is a major challenge for the food industry. In this regard, the use of edible films and coatings have gained much attention due to their ability to prevent the spoilage of the food products during handling, transport, and storage. This has effectively helped in extending the shelf-life of the food products. Among the various polymers, polysaccharides have been explored to develop edible films and coatings in the last decade. Such polymeric systems have shown great promise in microbial food safety applications. The inclusion of essential oils (EOs) within the polysaccharide matrices has further improved the functional properties of the edible films and coatings. The current review will discuss the different types of polysaccharides, EOs, methods of preparing edible films and coatings, and the characterization methods for the EO-loaded polysaccharide films. The mechanism of the antimicrobial activity of the EOs has also been discussed in brief.

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Agar-based edible films for food packaging applications - A review

Cited by 214 publications

References 140 publications

Bio‐based sustainable films from the Algerian Opuntia ficus‐indica cladodes powder: Effect of plasticizer content

Bio‐based sustainable films from the Algerian Opuntia ficus‐indica cladodes powder: Effect of plasticizer content

Plasticized Starch/Agar Composite Films: Processing, Morphology, Structure, Mechanical Properties and Surface Hydrophilicity

Essential Oil-Containing Polysaccharide-Based Edible Films and Coatings for Food Security Applications

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