“…As O'Flynn (2006) noted, vernacular music "can be regarded as [a] broad musical-cultural field encompassing many genres and practices" (141). Thus, the term vernacular has been a wide-ranging yet imprecise label for synonymously naming a variety of musical activities such as informal music-making (Waldron et al 2018, Waldron and Veblen 2009, Green 2008, Folkestad 2006, pop music (Sorenson 2021, Mercado 2019, Randles 2019, hip-hop (Hess 2018, Kruse 2016, modern band (Gramm 2021, Powell 2021, Randles 2019, songwriting (Giotta and Kruse 2022, Randles 2022, Kratus 2016, composition (Kaschub in press, Kerschner and Strand 2016, Stringham 2016, Kaschub and Smith 2013, Randles and Stringham 2013, improvisation (Siljamäki andKanellopoulos 2020, Biasutti 2017), and online music learning (Waldron et al 2020, Waldron 2012. Given these extensive skills and practices, the term vernacular will be used in the current investigation as a way to refer to the breadth of terminology surrounding teaching and learning practices that parallel and intersect Western classical practices (e.g., informal, popular, folk, rock, jazz, indigenous).…”