African origin and global distribution patterns: Evidence inferred from phylogenetic and biogeographical analyses of ectomycorrhizal fungal genus Strobilomyces

Abstract

Aim: The ectomycorrhizal genus Strobilomyces is widely distributed throughout many parts of the world, but its origin, divergence and distribution patterns remain largely unresolved. In this study, we aim to explore the species diversity, distribution and evolutionary patterns of Strobilomyces on a global scale by establishing a general phylogenetic framework with extensive sampling.Location: Africa, Australasia, East Asia, Europe, North America, Central America and Southeast Asia. Methods:The genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition method was used to delimit phylogenetic species. Divergence times were estimated using a Bayesian uncorrelated lognormal relaxed molecular clock. The ancestral area and host of Strobilomyces were inferred via the programs RASP and MESQUITE. The change of diversification rate over time was estimated using Ape, Laser and Bammtools software packages.Results: We recognize a novel African clade and 49 phylogenetic species with morphological evidence, including 18 new phylogenetic species and 23 previously described ones. Strobilomyces probably originated in Africa, in association with Detarioideae/Phyllanthaceae/Monotoideae during the early Eocene. The dispersal to Southeast Asia can be explained by Wolfe's "Boreotropical migration" hypothesis.East Asia, Australasia, Europe and North/Central America are primarily the recipients of immigrant taxa during the Oligocene or later. A rapid radiation implied by one diversification shift was inferred within Strobilomyces during the Miocene.Main conclusions: An unexpected phylogenetic species diversity within Strobilomyces was uncovered. The highest diversity, resulting probably from a rapid

Phylogeny, biogeography and taxonomic re-assessment of Multifurca (Russulaceae, Russulales) using three-locus data

“…In the genus Hydnum , it was found that one sample from Papua New Guinea is nearly identical to some Chinese samples [ 70 ]. More recently Han et al [ 73 ] showed at least three independent dispersal events for ancestors of Strobilomyces from Southeast Asia to Australasia. Considering the relatively low host specificity of Multifurca species or species pairs [ 3 , 16 , 19 ] we postulate that the dispersal of M .…”

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi: Participation in Nutrient Turnover and Community Assembly Pattern in Forest Ecosystems

“…Studies have found that three EcMF lineages with a worldwide distribution (/russula-lactarius, /clavulina, and /inocybe) all originated in the tropics [4,102,103]. Additionally, Li et al [104] indicated that Strobilomyces might have originated in Africa during the early Eocene and then spread to Southeast Asia through the boreotropical forest; during the Oligocene, Strobilomyces was dispersed from Southeast Asia northward and southward to East Asia and Australasia, respectively; and during the Miocene, Strobilomyces migrated across the Bering land bridge, from East Asia to North America, and then was dispersed from the Asian continent to Japan through the East China Sea basin. At the same time, the climatic changes from the middle Miocene to the present might have driven the separation and differentiation between the regions [104].…”

“…Additionally, Li et al [104] indicated that Strobilomyces might have originated in Africa during the early Eocene and then spread to Southeast Asia through the boreotropical forest; during the Oligocene, Strobilomyces was dispersed from Southeast Asia northward and southward to East Asia and Australasia, respectively; and during the Miocene, Strobilomyces migrated across the Bering land bridge, from East Asia to North America, and then was dispersed from the Asian continent to Japan through the East China Sea basin. At the same time, the climatic changes from the middle Miocene to the present might have driven the separation and differentiation between the regions [104]. Dispersion has played a crucial role in the formation of the current distribution pattern of Strobilomyces, and during its migration process across different continents, there was a shift in host plants from Dipterocarpaceae to Pinaceae and Fagaceae in East Asia and the northern temperate regions and then to Myrtaceae and Nothofagaceae in Oceania [86,104].…”

“…At the same time, the climatic changes from the middle Miocene to the present might have driven the separation and differentiation between the regions [104]. Dispersion has played a crucial role in the formation of the current distribution pattern of Strobilomyces, and during its migration process across different continents, there was a shift in host plants from Dipterocarpaceae to Pinaceae and Fagaceae in East Asia and the northern temperate regions and then to Myrtaceae and Nothofagaceae in Oceania [86,104]. The EcMF communities of a circumpolar distribution possibly migrated during the glacier cycle, and long-distance dispersal may have played a major role in EcMF community assembly during the phylogeographical history of high-latitude areas in the northern hemisphere [105].…”

The genus Catathelasma (Catathelasmataceae, Basidiomycota) in China

“…Thus, in addition to morphological characters, host tree species and geographic distribution can be of help in delimiting species within ectomycorrhizal genera such as Catathelasma. Indeed, mycorrhizal host association and geographic separation could contribute to fungal speciation as host-shift events can provide ecological opportunities for the diversification of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Cui et al 2016(Cui et al , 2018Han et al 2018;Sato et al 2017;Sánchez-García et al 2016).…”