African American player codes on celebration, taunting, and sportsmanlike conduct

Andrews, Vernon L.

doi:10.1007/s12111-996-1004-5

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…These racial hierarchies are reproduced within a larger social discourse of division: the division of mind and body, of male and female, of Black and White, and of sport and school. Performative displays in sport both structure and police the boundaries of perception regarding the kinds of attributes that attend to one group versus another, such that even similar experiences can be charged with very different racial meanings (Andrews, 1996; Mahiri and Van Rheenen, 2010; Simons, 2003). Thus, the cultural archetype of the athletically gifted but academically suspect “dumb jock” reproduces artificial divisions of mind and body.…”

Section: Black Physical Commodification and Athletic Exploitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploitation in college sports: Race, revenue, and educational reward

Rheenen

2012

International Review for the Sociology of Sport

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The question of whether college athletes are exploited is regularly debated in the popular press and academic literature about college sports. The concept of exploitation, with its philosophical and psychological implications, however, is rarely discussed in detail. This paper problematizes and expands the way in which the concept has been presented within the context of college sports, arguing that exploitation is primarily a moral construct understood as an unfair exchange between two parties. For college athletes, an unfair financial exchange can be measured by comparing the surplus value and marginal revenue product. These calculations may evidence the degree of economic exploitation, but many people still believe college athletes are fairly compensated with a subsistence wage in the form of an athletic scholarship. It is more difficult to quantify the promise or value of an education above and beyond this subsistence wage, most often defined as a college degree. The over-representation of Black college athletes on revenue-producing teams, and the corresponding lower graduation rates of this population when compared to other students, highlight the racial and cultural divisions of opportunity. Institutions face a crisis of conscience when educational opportunities are offered to certain students based primarily on their athletic ability, especially when these opportunities are perceived as disingenuous due to the academic preparation and demanding athletic commitments of these recruited college athletes.

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Section: Black Physical Commodification and Athletic Exploitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploitation in college sports: Race, revenue, and educational reward

Rheenen

2012

International Review for the Sociology of Sport

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“…Others demonstrated how quickly and decisively the discourse about star African American athletes such as Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson or Kobe Bryant shifted from celebration to condemnation once certain problematic aspects of their personal live emergedÁ gambling for Jordan (Andrews 1996); HIV infection for Johnson (Cole and Denny 1994); and charges of sexual assault for Bryant (Leonard 2004). Still others explored the public obsession with allegations of violence and delinquency among athletes (Benedict 1997;Lapchick 2000), or the policing of racially marked behaviours such as end zone dances in athletic arenas themselves, and the concomitant establishment of formal codes of conduct and sportsmanship (Andrews 1998). Perhaps the best extended treatment of the cultural dyad that links the fear of black violence and social disorder with our fascination with African American male athleticism can be found in analysis of how Nike used the images of innercity dissolution and the icon of Michael Jordan to launch a social movement and advertising campaign advocating for athletic activities for inner-city communities (for an overview, see Hartmann 2001, pp.…”

Section: Racial Imagery and Policy Innovationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the sporting boundary: the racial significance of sport through midnight basketball

Hartmann¹

2012

Ethnic and Racial Studies

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Sport is among the most potent institutions in the production, maintenance and contestation of race in the modern world. The last decade has witnessed a significant increase of sport-based research on the cutting edge of theorizing race and racism in the post-civil rights, postcolonial era. Nonetheless, the study of sport has yet to be seriously engaged by mainstream social scientists. This paper argues that sport scholars need to better demonstrate the powerful, even irreducible racial significance of sport in politics, public policy and popular culture. This argument is illustrated and elaborated with findings from an ongoing, multifaceted research project on midnight basketball in the USA. Key points include: the complexity of racial imagery in and around sport; sport's legitimating functions for racialized neo-liberalism; and the impact of sport and race politics on federal crime policy. Revealed throughout is a more sophisticated understanding of the centrality and complexity of contemporary racial formations.

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“…Cool Pose was exemplified by a number of the Black athletes. Though not all Black athletes did so, they were much more likely to display their wealth through excessive materialism, almost as if to emphasize they had made it-they were a success (Andrews, 1996(Andrews, , 1997Majors & Billson, 1992;Simons, 2003). This is not to suggest that White athletes did not engage in excessive materialism, but there were notable differences in the consumption of certain products-such as the size of home theaters, pieces of art, types and sizes of cars, even the square footage of the homes.…”

Section: Trends With Respect To Traditional Sport Athletes-african Ammentioning

confidence: 99%

“So You Can See How the Other Half Lives”

Smith

Beal

2007

Journal of Sport and Social Issues

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MTV's popular television series "Cribs" displays the homes of famous athletes and entertainers. "Cribs" presents these male athletes and their households as exemplars of "making it." This article examines the representation of male athletes and how various types of "successful" masculinity are conflated with race and class. We found two dominant models of successful masculinity, James Bond and Cool Pose. "Cribs" clearly demarcates between Black and White athletes, which essentializes race. Simultaneously, "Cribs" presents race as performative styles providing the audience with opportunities to consume "the other." We argue that this paradoxical dynamic is utilized to sell the cool lifestyle and has multiple implications, including depoliticizing race, class, and gender.

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African American player codes on celebration, taunting, and sportsmanlike conduct

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

Exploitation in college sports: Race, revenue, and educational reward

Exploitation in college sports: Race, revenue, and educational reward

Beyond the sporting boundary: the racial significance of sport through midnight basketball

“So You Can See How the Other Half Lives”

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