African American Physicians and Organized Medicine, 1846-1968

Baker, Robert; Washington, Harriet A.; Olakanmi, Ololade; Savitt, Todd L.; Jacobs, Elizabeth A.; Hoover, Eddie L.; Wynia, Matthew K.

doi:10.1001/jama.300.3.306

Cited by 97 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…36 The results of this survey suggest that discrimination remains a problem for the medical profession, threatening our efforts at creating a physician workforce that reflects the diversity of the American people. Developing and retaining a diverse physician workforce will require active engagement of all physicians and health care organizations at every level of the health care system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Health Care Workplace Discrimination and Physician Turnover

Nuñez-Smith¹,

Pilgrim

Wynia

et al. 2009

Journal of the National Medical Association

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Objective To examine the association between physician race/ethnicity, workplace discrimination, and physician job turnover. Methods Cross-sectional, national survey conducted in 2006–2007 of practicing physicians [n = 529] randomly identified via the American Medical Association Masterfile and The National Medical Association membership roster. We assessed the relationships between career racial/ethnic discrimination at work and several career-related dependent variables, including 2 measures of physician turnover, career satisfaction, and contemplation of career change. We used standard frequency analyses, odds ratios and χ2 statistics, and multivariate logistic regression modeling to evaluate these associations. Results Physicians who self-identified as nonmajority were significantly more likely to have left at least 1 job because of workplace discrimination (black, 29%; Asian, 24%; other race, 21%; Hispanic/Latino, 20%; white, 9%). In multivariate models, having experienced racial/ethnic discrimination at work was associated with high job turnover [adjusted odes ratio, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.4–4.9]. Among physicians who experienced work-place discrimination, only 45% of physicians were satisfied with their careers (vs 88% among those who had not experienced workplace discrimination, p value < .01], and 40% were con-templating a career change (vs 10% among those who had not experienced workplace discrimination, p value < .001). Conclusion Workplace discrimination is associated with physician job turnover, career dissatisfaction, and contemplation of career change. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring for workplace discrimination and responding when opportunities for intervention and retention still exist.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Health Care Workplace Discrimination and Physician Turnover

Nuñez-Smith¹,

Pilgrim

Wynia

et al. 2009

Journal of the National Medical Association

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“…its history of excluding black physicians from membership and for failing to speak against federal funding of segregated hospitals (19).] I became the second woman president of NMA, becoming more vocal about opportunities for minorities in academic medicine and about health disparities, and in 1989 I was invited by Dr. Louis Sullivan, the secretary of the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), to join the US delegation to the forty-second World Health Assembly in Geneva, Switzerland.…”

Section: Wwwannualreviewsorg • Women's Health Research and Sex And mentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives from a Pathologist: My Journey on the Path to Women's Health Research, Sex and Gender Policy, and Practice Implications

Pinn

2018

Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis.

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These words reflect my recollections of major transition points in my life and career: as I first became dedicated to becoming a physician, being introduced to the field of pathology and research, and then transitioning to a somewhat different career focus by becoming the first director of the National Institutes of Health Office of Research on Women's Health. Many of the experiences that I gained during my years in pathology served me well as I made efforts to establish women's health research and sex and gender based studies as scientific endeavors. Participating in research and teaching as an academic pathologist, setting funding priorities, and supporting and encouraging research careers through governmental office programs have been the essence of my more than 50 years as a pathologist and physician.

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“…The legacy of racism and segregation in the medical profession is well documented (Baker et al, 2008;Carlton-LaNey, 2000;Savitt, 1987), and it is unlikely that Dr. Cooke had been spared its effects. The American Medical Association's vehement opposition to extending membership to African American physicians along with other blatant discriminatory practices continued well into the 1960s and 1970s (Baker et al, 2008). Dr. Cooke had probably experienced effronteries similar to those heaped on McClinton and the foster children in her care.…”

Section: A Familiar Sense Of Placementioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of Place in the Life and Career of a Social Work Pioneer

Carlton-LaNey

2014

Affilia

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This column explores the importance of place in the life of social work pioneer Hortense McClinton. McClinton's story is underscored by the centrality of place, especially her all-black hometown. McClinton's insights were garnered through interviews and unprecedented access to McClinton's personal archives. McClinton's words explicate the role place plays in shaping values, character, and behavior. Her story exemplifies strength and endurance during times when women and African Americans had staunchly circumscribed roles and limited access to social involvement and resources. This article illustrates the intersection of multiple factors that shaped her life, her career, and her contribution to social work.

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African American Physicians and Organized Medicine, 1846-1968

Cited by 97 publications

References 22 publications

Health Care Workplace Discrimination and Physician Turnover

Health Care Workplace Discrimination and Physician Turnover

Perspectives from a Pathologist: My Journey on the Path to Women's Health Research, Sex and Gender Policy, and Practice Implications

The Importance of Place in the Life and Career of a Social Work Pioneer

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