African-American adolescents’ stress responses after the 9/11/01 terrorist attacks

Abstract

The majority of students were not overly stressed by indirect exposure to the events of 9/11/01, perhaps owing to the temporal, social, and/or geographical distance from the event. Those who reported greater negative impact appeared to also be experiencing higher levels of current anger and exhibited a characterologic style of higher overt anger expression.

Longitudinal invariance of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescent earthquake survivors

“…Although the PCL was primarily validated in adults (age 18 and over), its applicability in adolescents has been demonstrated by previous studies with Western and Chinese samples (e.g., Barnes, Treiber, & Ludwig, 2005;Calderoni, Alderman, Silver, & Bauman, 2006;Li, Wang, Shi, Zhang, Wu, & Liu, 2010;Wang, Dai, & Wan, 2009;Wang, Long, et al, 2011;Wang, Zhang, et al, 2011). The internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha) of the PCL-C in the current sample at the two time points was .879 at baseline and .880 at follow-up.…”

Mental Health Consequences of September 11: A Five-Year Review of the Behavioral Sciences Literature

“…Three months after the attacks, this study (Barnes et al 2005) revealed that 10% of the high school students reported PTSD type symptoms. This low rate suggests that the majority of children were not highly distressed by (indirect exposure) watching the events on television from a distance.…”

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Structure in Chinese Adolescents Exposed to a Deadly Earthquake

“…The convergent and discriminant validity of the Chinese PCL are supported through large associations with other PTSD measures including the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R; Weiss and Marmar 1997), Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale (CAPS; Blake et al 1995), and the General Health Questionnaire-20 (GHQ-20; Goldberg 1978) (Wu et al 2008). Although the PCL was primarily validated in adults (age 18 and over), its applicability in adolescents has been demonstrated by previous studies with Western and Chinese samples (e.g., Barnes et al 2005;Calderoni et al 2006;Liu et al 2010;Wang et al 2009). In this study, participants were instructed to complete the PCL referring to the "Wenchuan Earthquake".…”