Africa, a reservoir of new virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus?

Almeida, Renata Servan de; Maminiaina, Olivier Fridolin; Gil, Patricia; Hammoumi, Saliha; Molia, Sophie; Chevalier, Véronique; Koko, Mahmoud; Andriamanivo, Harentsoaniaina Rasamoelina; Traoré, Abdallah; Samaké, K.; Diarra, Abbas; Grillet, Colette; Martinez, Dominique; Albina, Emmanuel

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.076

Cited by 33 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…1a) each has been described and are responsible for the current ND outbreaks being experienced across the sub-region. These genotypes and sub-genotypes are in circulation and have not been detected elsewhere outside the sub-region, making them indigenous [19,95,99,[101][102][103]108]. All NDV genotypes that have been reported to be circulating in Nigeria are shown in Fig.…”

Section: Epizootiology Of Nd In Nigeriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Newcastle disease in Nigeria: epizootiology and current knowledge of circulating genotypes

2016

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Over the years, Newcastle disease (ND) has defied all available control measures. The disease has remained at the forefront of infectious diseases afflicting poultry production after avian influenza. Despite the continuous global use of million doses of ND vaccine annually, the causative pathogen, avian paramyxovirus type 1 also known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has continued to evolve causing, even more, a threat not only to the unvaccinated but the vaccinated flocks inclusive. The disease has been well studied in the developed countries where the virus is found in circulation. However, limited information exists on the epizootiology and circulating genotypes of the virus in developing countries where the majority of the flocks are raised on the extensive management system. Identification of virulent NDV in apparently healthy free-range ducks in this system calls for concern and pragmatic approach to investigate factor(s) that favour the virus inhabiting the ducks without clinical manifestation of the disease. Recently, novel genotypes (XIV, XVII, and XVIII) with peculiarity to West and Central African countries have been discovered and due to lack or poor surveillance system possibility of hitherto unreported genotypes are likely. This review elucidates and discusses available literature on the diversity of the circulating NDV genotypes across the West Africa countries and the epizootiology (molecular) of the disease in Nigeria with the view of identifying gaps in knowledge that can assist in the development of effective vaccines and control strategies to combat the peril of the disease.

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Section: Epizootiology Of Nd In Nigeriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Newcastle disease in Nigeria: epizootiology and current knowledge of circulating genotypes

2016

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“…Class II includes strains of low and high virulence isolated from poultry and wild birds. The disease is endemic in the village poultry population in Africa (Bell et al, 1990;Echeonwu et al, 1993;Awan et al, 1994;Chrysostome et al, 1995;Orjaka et al, 1999;Abolnik et al, 2004;Otim et al, 2004;Zeleke et al, 2005;Snoeck et al, 2009;Servan de Almeida et al, 2009, Cattoli et al, 2010, Rasamoelina Andriamanivo et al, 2012 and is regarded as the most important constraint to the development, survival and productivity of village chicken flocks (Alexander et al, 2004;Alder, 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological and molecular investigation of Newcastle disease in household chicken flocks and associated markets in Eastern Shewa zone, Ethiopia

Chaka

Goutard

Gil

et al. 2012

Trop Anim Health Prod

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Cross-sectional surveys for Newcastle disease (ND) were conducted in non-vaccinated household flocks of village chickens to assess the serological and virological ND status in households and associated live bird markets. In total 1899 sera and 460 pools of cloacal and tracheal swabs were sampled and tested using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), respectively. Additionally, paired cloacal and tracheal swabs from 1269 individual chickens were collected from markets and tested using RT-PCR. The prevalence of households with at least one seropositive chicken was higher during the dry season (27.4%) than during the wet season (17.4%) (P = 0.003). Viral genome was detected in 14.2% of households during the wet season using a fusion (F) gene assay and in 23.5 % of households during the dry season using a polymerase (L) gene assay that targets both class I and class II viruses. At the markets sampled overall bird level prevalence was 4.9% for period 1 (F gene assay), and 38.2% and 27.6% for periods 2 and 3, respectively (L gene assay). Partial sequencing of the F gene (239 bp) cleavage site indicated that the majority of the circulating strains exhibited motifs specific to virulent strains. Seroepidemiology coupled with molecular analysis can be a useful tool to assess the status of NDV infection. The village chicken population in Ethiopia is endemically infected with virulent NDV that pose a significant threat to emerging small and medium scale commercial poultry production.

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“…Severe outbreaks of ND have been reported in North African countries, namely, Egypt (14,15) and Morocco (16); Central African countries, namely, Nigeria, Niger, Sudan, Cameroon, and Burundi (17) and Uganda (13); western African countries, namely, Burkina Faso (17), Mali (18), and Ivory Coast and Mauritania (17); and southern African countries, namely, Mozambique and South Africa (12) and Madagascar (18,19). Africa is thought to be a reservoir of new virulent strains of NDV (18). Phylogenetically distinguishable unique NDV strains have been reported from eastern and southern Africa, but reports of the molecular epidemiology and genotype distribution of NDV strains from Western and Central Africa are scarce (17,20).…”

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Phylogenetic and Pathotypic Characterization of Newcastle Disease Viruses Circulating in West Africa and Efficacy of a Current Vaccine

et al. 2013

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e Newcastle disease (ND) is a deadly avian disease worldwide. In Africa, ND is enzootic and causes large economic losses, but little is known about the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains circulating in African countries. In this study, 27 NDV isolates collected from apparently healthy chickens in live-bird markets of the West African countries Benin and Togo in 2009 were characterized. All isolates had polybasic fusion (F)-protein cleavage sites and were shown to be highly virulent in standard pathogenicity assays. Infection of 2-week-old chickens with two of the isolates resulted in 100% mortality within 4 days. Phylogenetic analysis of the 27 isolates based on a partial F-protein gene sequence identified three clusters: one containing all the isolates from Togo and one from Benin (cluster 2), one containing most isolates from Benin (cluster 3), and an outlier isolate from Benin (cluster 1). All the three clusters are related to genotype VII strains of NDV. In addition, the cluster of viruses from Togo contained a recently identified 6-nucleotide insert between the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and large polymerase (L) genes in a complete genome of an NDV isolate from this geographical region. Multiple strains that include this novel element suggest local emergence of a new genome length class. These results reveal genetic diversity within and among local NDV populations in Africa. Sequence analysis showed that the F and HN proteins of six West African isolates share 83.2 to 86.6% and 86.5 to 87.9% identities, respectively, with vaccine strain LaSota, indicative of considerable diversity. A vaccine efficacy study showed that the LaSota vaccine protected birds from morbidity and mortality but did not prevent shedding of West African challenge viruses.

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Africa, a reservoir of new virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus?

Cited by 33 publications

References 6 publications

Newcastle disease in Nigeria: epizootiology and current knowledge of circulating genotypes

Newcastle disease in Nigeria: epizootiology and current knowledge of circulating genotypes

Serological and molecular investigation of Newcastle disease in household chicken flocks and associated markets in Eastern Shewa zone, Ethiopia

Phylogenetic and Pathotypic Characterization of Newcastle Disease Viruses Circulating in West Africa and Efficacy of a Current Vaccine

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