Aflatoxin production in some varieties of soybeans (Glycine max L.)

Nagarajan, V.; Bhat, Ramesh V.; Tulpule, P. G.

doi:10.1007/bf01935130

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The flasks were incubated at 26 + 1 C for 8 days. At the end of the incubation period flasks were sprayed with 95% alcohol and dried overnight at 80 C as reported by Nagarajan et al (12). The dried samples were first defatted with n-hexane and then extracted with chloroform.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These are conditions of moisture unfavorable to the fungus at the time of soybean maturity, development of the seed in a closed pod, and the possibility of an inhibitor in soybeans preventing growth of the fungus (7). According to Nagarajan et al (12), soybeans produce aflatoxin but the extent of production depends on the variety of soybean and the toxigenic potential of the isolate used. Soybeans are known to contain a high amount of phytic acid.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, Davis and Diener (2) obtained considerable yields of toxin (48 to 138,ug/ml) on the Bragg variety of soybean after 21 days of incubation with a toxigenic strain of A. parasiticus. Nagarajan et al (12) also found toxin production (0.12 to 31.25 ,g/ml), using different isolates of A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to find out the probable factors controlling the production of aflatoxin on soybeans.…”

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confidence: 92%

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Production of Aflatoxin on Soybeans

Gupta¹,

Venkitasubramanian²

1975

Applied Microbiology

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Probable factors influencing resistance to aflatoxin synthesis in soybeans have been investigated by using cultures of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 3240. Soybeans contain a small amount of zinc (0.01 Mg/g) bound to phytic acid. Autoclaving soybeans at 15 pounds (6803.88 g) for 15 min increases the aflatoxin production, probably by making zinc available. Addition of zinc to both autoclaved and nonautoclaved soybeans promotes aflatoxin production. However, addition of varying levels of phytic acid at a constant concentration of zinc depresses aflatoxin synthesis with an increase in the added phytic acid. In a synthetic medium known to give good yields of aflatoxin, the addition of phytic acid (10 mM) decreases aflatoxin synthesis.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 92%

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Production of Aflatoxin on Soybeans

Gupta¹,

Venkitasubramanian²

1975

Applied Microbiology

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“…AFs and OTA production would not occur during the ripening of fermented meju because the fungus cannot grow and produce AFs under > 14% salt concentration (22%). Therefore, mycotoxins levels are expected to decline or stay at a certain value [30]. Table 9 shows that the levels of AFB 1 and OTA were 0.5 µg/kg and 7.5 µg/kg in soy sauce and 11.9 µg/kg and 190.4 µg/kg in soybean paste, respectively.…”

Section: Reduction In the Levels Of Afs And Ota In Meju Samples Contamentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in meju and soybean paste produced in South Korea

2019

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In this study, we investigated the occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in meju and soybean paste produced in South Korea. Samples were collected from three regions divided on the basis of climate in South Korea. A total of 100 meju samples were analyzed over 3 years (2012-2015), and 45 soybean paste samples were analyzed in 2016. Mycotoxins were extracted with an immunoaffinity column method and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. AFs were detected in 10 of meju (10%) and 11 of soybean paste samples (24.4%) with concentrations of 0.2-48.3 μg/kg and 0.88-16.17 μg/kg, respectively. OTA was detected in 50 of meju (50%) and 22 of soybean paste samples (48.9%) with concentrations of 0.1-193.2 μg/kg and 0.88-26.29 μg/kg, respectively. Mycotoxin contamination in meju was more common in the central region than in the southern areas. Thus, more mycotoxins were produced in the central region owing to less fungal competition in meju during fermentation inside households. We also found that about 91% of AFs and 73% of OTA in meju were degraded after the production of soybean paste and soy sauce. Even after degradation of AFs and OTA, the levels of AFB 1 and OTA were 0.5 µg/kg and 7.5 µg/kg in soy sauce and 11.9 µg/kg and 190.4 µg/kg in soybean paste, respectively. Thus, our results suggest the need for constant monitoring of meju and soybean paste for AFs and OTA.

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“…Isolates of aflatoxin-producing strains of Aspergillus grow on Glycine max beans (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8). Both mixed aflatoxins and (aflatoxin BI) AFBI inhibit the elongation of attached (9,10) and excised (11) G. max roots.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxin‐induced alteration in soybean membrane protein

Dashek

Walker

Adelstein

et al. 1981

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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Isolates of aflatoxin-producing strains of Aspergillus can grow on Glycine max beans. Furthermore, both mixed aflatoxins and ariatoxin BI inhibit the elongation of both attached and excised G. max roots. In addition, the toxin inhibits the capacity of the excised roots to take up [14C]leucine. This suggests that the toxin may inhibit the activity of an uptake system responsible for uptake of low-molecular-weight (MW) compounds by possibly altering membrane structure and/or function. In this connection, incubation of excised roots in media containing either mixed ariatoxins or ariatoxin B a results in a diminution of acid-insoluble protein, but neither sterol nor lipid phosphorus levels, of an 80,000 • g pellet (purported "crude" plasmalemma fraction). To provide preliminary evidence that mixed aflatoxins can decrease the amount of a specific plasmalemma protein (which might regulate the uptake of low-MW compounds), we incubated roots with and without mixed aflatoxins and then gel-filtrated integral proteins which were released by detergents from 80,000 X g pellets that had been obtained by differential centrifugation of Miracloth filtrates. The released proteins were gelfiltrated on Sephadex G-100 columns. Sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton X-IO0 and Tween 20 each solubilized greater than 85% of the pellet's protein. Gel fdtration yielded 280 nm absorbing void volume and retarded peaks for substances which were either precipitated by trichloroacetic acid (total protein) or solubilized by detergents (integral protein) from pellets that were derived from ariatoxin-treated and nontreated roots. The amounts of protein which were recovered within column void volumes following gel fdtration of 80,000 X g, acid-precipitable protein were not significantly different for treated and nontreated roots, suggesting that incubation of roots with aflatoxins does not reduce the pellet's content of an acidprecipitable, high-MW (100,000 or more) protein. However, this conclusion is highly tentative as less than 15% of the acid-insoluble protein which was layered onto the column was recovered. The amplitude of the void volume peaks for detergent-released proteins from treated roots was consistently less than that for nontreated roots, suggesting that treatment of roots with aflatoxins diminishes the "crude" plasmalemma fraction's content of high-MW protein(s). This suggestion was supported through calculation of the amounts of protein which were recovered within both the void volume and retarded peaks and comparing these to the total protein levels that were recovered from the columns. The amount of protein which was found within the void volume peak following gel filtration of either Triton X-IOO or Tween 20-released proteins from pellets that were derived from treated roots was less than that for nontreated roots.

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Aflatoxin production in some varieties of soybeans (Glycine max L.)

Cited by 19 publications

References 3 publications

Production of Aflatoxin on Soybeans

Production of Aflatoxin on Soybeans

Natural occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in meju and soybean paste produced in South Korea

Aflatoxin‐induced alteration in soybean membrane protein

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