Aflatoxin M1 survey on randomly collected milk powder commercialized in Argentina and Brazil

Londoño, Víctor Alonso García; Boasso, Agustina C.; Paula, Maria Cristina Z. de; Garcia, Laura Pereira; Scussel, V. M.; Resnik, Silvia L.; Pacin, A.

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.06.030

Cited by 32 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In comparison to international studies, our results were lower than Argentina in which the number of samples exceeding the MTL was 100% and the mean level of contamination was 393 ng/L [ 29 ]. Similarly, the number of samples exceeding the MTL in 2 studies in Brazil (100%, mean = 346 ng/L) [ 29 ]; 44%; mean = 24 ng/L [ 30 ], in India (100%) [ 31 ]; in Mexico (20%; mean = 40 ng/l) [ 32 ]; in Pakistan (30.8%, mean = 20 ng/L) [ 33 ], in Turkey (45%, mean = 60 ng/L) [ 34 ] were higher than our findings (9.5%).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence in Children under the Age of Five’s Food Products and Aflatoxin M1 Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Arab Infants through Consumption of Infant Powdered Formula: A Lebanese Experience

Daou

Hoteit

Bookari

et al. 2022

Toxins

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Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a salient metabolite that can be used to assess Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure in humans and animals. The carcinogenic potency of AFB1 and AFM1 was severely reported. The aims of this study were (1) to survey the contamination level of AFM1 in the most traded infant powdered formula brands (IPF) (n = 42) along with the AFB1 level in under 5’s children food brands (biscuits, cornflakes, and cereals) (n = 42) and (2) to assess the estimated daily intake (EDI), the hazard quotient (HQ) and the margin of exposure (MOE) of AFM1 among infants (0–12 months) in Lebanon. All of the samples were analyzed using ELISA technique. AFB1 was below detection limit in all of the children’s food brands samples. Out of 42 IPF samples 9.5% were AFM1-positive in the range of 29.54–140.16 ng/L and exceeded the maximum tolerable limit (MTL) set by the European commission (25 ng/kg). The overall average contamination level was 5.72 ± 0.014 ng/L. The EDI of AMF1 for male was in the range of 0.37–0.78 ng/kg/b.w./day and 0.40–0.87 ng/kg/b.w./day for females. Similarly, the HQ calculation resulted in an average of 3.05 for males and 3.28 for females. MOE calculations were far lower from 10,000 in both genders which indicates a high risk of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Despite that, AFM1′s EDI and HQ scored low among Lebanese infants but unambiguously the risk characterization still substantial. As infants consume more IPF relative to their body weight, the persistence of IPF with high AFM1 levels threatens their health. Thus, infant’s exposure risk to AFM1 in IPF should be a continuous focus of attention.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence in Children under the Age of Five’s Food Products and Aflatoxin M1 Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Arab Infants through Consumption of Infant Powdered Formula: A Lebanese Experience

Daou

Hoteit

Bookari

et al. 2022

Toxins

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“…IARC has modified the carcinogen classification of AFM1 from Group 2B to Group 1 [ 9 ]. High AFM1 occurrence and contamination levels in milk samples were reported [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]. With the growing diversity and complexity of the human diet, humans could be exposed to AFB1 and AFM1 through daily consumption of contaminated agricultural products, milk, and dairy products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin M1 Induce Compromised Intestinal Integrity through Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis

Gao

Bao

Meng

et al. 2021

Toxins

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With the growing diversity and complexity of diet, humans are at risk of simultaneous exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which are well-known contaminants in dairy and other agricultural products worldwide. The intestine represents the first barrier against external contaminants; however, evidence about the combined effect of AFB1 and AFM1 on intestinal integrity is lacking. In vivo, the serum biochemical parameters related to intestinal barrier function, ratio of villus height/crypt depth, and distribution pattern of claudin-1 and zonula occluden-1 were significantly affected in mice exposed to 0.3 mg/kg b.w. AFB1 and 3.0 mg/kg b.w. AFM1. In vitro results on differentiated Caco-2 cells showed that individual and combined AFB1 (0.5 and 4 μg/mL) and AFM1 (0.5 and 4 μg/mL) decreased cell viability and trans-epithelial electrical resistance values as well as increased paracellular permeability of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, AFM1 aggravated AFB1-induced compromised intestinal barrier, as demonstrated by the down-regulation of tight junction proteins and their redistribution, particularly internalization. Adding the inhibitor chlorpromazine illustrated that clathrin-mediated endocytosis partially contributed to the compromised intestinal integrity. Synergistic and additive effects were the predominant interactions, suggesting that these toxins are likely to have negative effects on human health.

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“…AFM1 is investigated because of its potential to contaminate various milk and dairy products, and a broad range of purification techniques are applied. The most popular one is the use of an immunoaffinity column for the purification step, followed by HPLC-FD analysis [65][66][67][68][69]. Although procedures involving purification with C18 or HLB SPE cartridges have also been conducted [46,47,51].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Detection and Quantification of Aflatoxin M1, Eight Microcystin Congeners and Nodularin in Dairy Milk by LC-MS/MS

Van Camp,

Van Hassel,

Abdallah

et al. 2023

Chemosensors

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Dairy milk holds a prominent position as a widely consumed food, particularly among infants and children. However, it is crucial to address the presence of multiple natural toxic compounds that may co-occur in dairy milk to ensure its safety prior to consumption. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), an emerging mycotoxin of interest, is a potential contaminant in the milk of animals who ingest aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The toxin is regulated in the European Union under Commission Regulation No 1881/2006. Unfortunately, there is a notable lack of data concerning the transfer of various emerging microbial contaminants into dairy milk and, therefore, their natural occurrences. In this study, a simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantification of multiple cyanotoxins (microcystin congeners and nodularin) and AFM1 by the main analytical guidelines. Toxins are extracted with methanol 80%, followed by an SPE clean-up step before LC-MS/MS analysis. The LOQ was fixed at 1 µg/L for the nine cyanotoxins and 0.05 µg/L for AFM1. Recoveries were measured between 82.67% and 102%. To the best of our knowledge, there are no other LC-MS/MS methods available for the simultaneous quantification of cyanotoxins and mycotoxins in milk.

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Aflatoxin M1 survey on randomly collected milk powder commercialized in Argentina and Brazil

Cited by 32 publications

References 15 publications

Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence in Children under the Age of Five’s Food Products and Aflatoxin M1 Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Arab Infants through Consumption of Infant Powdered Formula: A Lebanese Experience

Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence in Children under the Age of Five’s Food Products and Aflatoxin M1 Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Arab Infants through Consumption of Infant Powdered Formula: A Lebanese Experience

Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin M1 Induce Compromised Intestinal Integrity through Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis

Simultaneous Detection and Quantification of Aflatoxin M1, Eight Microcystin Congeners and Nodularin in Dairy Milk by LC-MS/MS

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