Aflatoxin M1 in Human Urine

Campbell, T. C.; Caedo, J. P.; Bulatao-Jayme, J.; Salamat, L.; Engel, R. W.

doi:10.1038/227403a0

Cited by 94 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Initial studies of aflatoxin biomarkers in human populations began in the Philippines, where investigators demonstrated that an oxidative metabolite of aflatoxin, AFM 1 , could be measured in urine as an internal dose marker (9). Subsequent work conducted in the People's Republic of China and the Gambia, West Africa, areas with high incidences of HCC, determined that the levels of urinary aflatoxin biomarkers followed a dose-dependent relationship with aflatoxin intake (25, 27).…”

Section: Validation Of Aflatoxin Biomarkers In Cross-sectional Studiementioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Interventions to Prevent Aflatoxin-Induced Carcinogenesis in Developing Countries

Groopman

Kensler

Wild

2008

Annu. Rev. Public Health

247

163

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The public health impact of aflatoxin exposure is pervasive in economically developing countries; consequently, we need to design intervention strategies for prevention that are practicable for these high-risk populations. The adverse health consequences of aflatoxins in populations are quite varied, eliciting acute effects, such as rapid death, and chronic outcomes, such as hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, a number of epidemiological studies describe a variety of general adverse health effects associated with aflatoxin, such as impaired growth in children. Thus, the magnitude of the problem is disseminated across the entire spectrum of age, gender, and health status in the population. The aflatoxins multiplicatively increase the risk of liver cancer in people chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), which illustrates the deleterious impact that even low toxin levels in the diet can pose for human health. Thus other aflatoxin interactions, which likely contribute to the diesease burden, still remain to be identified. Therefore, many diverse and appropriate strategies for disease prevention are needed to decrease the incidence of aflatoxin carcinogenesis in developing countries.

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Section: Validation Of Aflatoxin Biomarkers In Cross-sectional Studiementioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Interventions to Prevent Aflatoxin-Induced Carcinogenesis in Developing Countries

Groopman

Kensler

Wild

2008

Annu. Rev. Public Health

247

163

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“…A number of investigators have attempted to monitor human exposure by quantifying AFB1 residues in serum and urine (4)(5)(6)(7). Most A major objective of our work has been the development of rapid, noninvasive screening procedures for assessing the exposure of humans to environmentally occurring carcinogens.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxin metabolism in humans: detection of metabolites and nucleic acid adducts in urine by affinity chromatography.

Groopman¹,

Donahue²,

Zhu³

et al. 1985

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

148

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A high-affinity IgM monoclonal antibody specific for aflatoxins was covalently bound to Sepharose 4B and used as a preparative column to isolate aflatoxin derivatives from the urine of people and experimental animals who had been exposed to the carcinogen environmentally or under laboratory conditions. Aflatoxin levels were quantified by radioimmunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography after elution from the afinity column. In studies on rats injected with ["'C]aflatoxin Bl, we identified the major aflatoxin-DNA adduct, 2,3-dihydro-2-(N7-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 (AFBl-N7-Gua), and the oxidative metabolites Ml and P1 as the major aflatoxin species present in the urine. When this methodology was applied to human urine samples obtained from people from the Guangxi Province of China exposed to aflatoxin B1 through dietary contamination, the aflatoxin metabolites detected were also AFB1-N7-Gua and aflatoxins Ml and Pl. Therefore, affinity chromatography using a monoclonal antibody represents a useful and rapid technique with which to isolate this carcinogen and its metabolites in biochemical epidemiology and for subsequent quantitative measurements, providing exposure information that can be used for risk assessment.The aflatoxins are highly carcinogenic agents consistently found as contaminants in human food supplies in many areas of the world and epidemiologically linked to increased incidence of human liver cancer in Asia and Africa [see Busby and Wogan (ref. complex procedures used to purify the aflatoxins prior to analysis have seriously limited the application of these approaches in large-scale epidemiologic studies.A major objective of our work has been the development of rapid, noninvasive screening procedures for assessing the exposure of humans to environmentally occurring carcinogens. Useful protocols require the ability to quantify chemical carcinogens and their metabolites, especially DNA and protein adducts, in readily accessible compartments, such as urine and serum. We have been developing these monitoring techniques through immunoassays using monoclonal antibodies (8-10). These antibodies have proven to be useful analytical tools for quantifying the aflatoxins in biological fluids and also for use with affinity chromatography matrices as preparative tools to isolate aflatoxins from biological fluids (10). We report here results of initial applications of these techniques to the analysis of human urine obtained from people environmentally exposed to AFB1 in their diet and also of urine of rats injected with AFB1. These preparative and analytical procedures permit rapid measurement of aflatoxins in complex biological fluids under conditions that can be applied to large numbers of samples collected in epidemiologic surveys seeking to evaluate aflatoxin exposure as a risk factor for liver cancer in man.

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“…Studies in human populations consuming aflatoxincontaminated peanut butter revealed the presence of aflatoxin M1 in urine, as detected by TLC analysis (16), and aflatoxins were also found in the urine of Sudanese children suffering from kwashiorkor examined by HPLC analysis (17). Chemical screening methods for detection of aflatoxin and metabolites in human urine (18) and serum (19) have been reported.…”

Section: Strategies For Exposure Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and biochemical dosimetry of exposure to genotoxic chemicals.

Wogan¹,

Gorelick²

1985

Environ Health Perspect

112

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Epidemiologic studies designed to evaluate the health significance of environmental chemicals are compromised by the lack of quantitative exposure data for individuals in exposed populations. Monitoring data on levels of compounds in environmental media often represent the only information available, and average population exposure is therefore the only quantitative parameter that can be calculated. Biological monitoring, i.e., measurements on cells, tissues or body fluids of exposed persons, has the objective of defining the so-called "internal dose" or "effective dose" on an individual basis. Such measurements can be used to ensure that current or past exposure does not entail unacceptable health risks, or can detect potentially excessive exposure before the appearance of adverse health effects. Results obtained through this approach can be interpreted on an individual basis and also used to estimate for that individual the amount of chemical absorbed during a specific time interval or the amount bound to critical sites. They may also be useful for characterization of community exposure by analyzing results obtained in groups of individuals within the general population. In this respect, biological monitoring data complement environmental measurements but have certain advantages in estimating health risks. Most importantly, the data obtained are more directly related to adverse effects and thus provide a better estimate of risk than ambient monitoring. Biological monitoring also takes into account absorption by all routes, integrates exposure from all sources, and therefore can be used as a basis for estimate of total risk from multiple chemicals.

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Aflatoxin M1 in Human Urine

Cited by 94 publications

References 6 publications

Protective Interventions to Prevent Aflatoxin-Induced Carcinogenesis in Developing Countries

Protective Interventions to Prevent Aflatoxin-Induced Carcinogenesis in Developing Countries

Aflatoxin metabolism in humans: detection of metabolites and nucleic acid adducts in urine by affinity chromatography.

Chemical and biochemical dosimetry of exposure to genotoxic chemicals.

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