Aflatoxin B1 in Rice: Effects of Storage Duration, Grain Type and Size, Production Site, and Season

Hassan, Hussein F.; Kordahi, Rita; Dimassi, Hani; Khoury, A.; Daou, Rouaa; Alwan, Nisreen; Merhi, Samar; Haddad, Joyce; Karam, Layal

doi:10.4315/jfp-21-434

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Mycotoxins are low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi mainly produced by Alternaria , Aspergillus , Fusarium , and Penicillium genera. They contaminate various agricultural commodities such as cereals and cereal products, nuts, dried fruits, spices, herbs, coffee, wine, and beer [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Mycotoxins can contaminate food and agricultural products at any stage of the food chain, including preharvest, harvest, drying, and storage stages, and their production increases mainly in areas of high temperature and humidity [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins in Thyme and Thyme-Based Products Marketed in Lebanon

Hassan

Koaik

Khoury

et al. 2022

Toxins

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This study aimed at evaluating the incidence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in thyme and thyme-based products, related dietary exposure, and cancer risk for regular and high consumption. A total of 160 samples were collected, and 32 composite samples were analyzed. AFB1 and OTA were respectively found in 84% (27/32) and 38% (12/32) of the samples. AFB1 exceeded the limits in 41% (13/32) and 25% (8/32) of the samples according to the Lebanese and European standards, respectively. OTA was unacceptable in only 6% (2/32) and 3% (1/32) of the samples according to the Lebanese and European standards, respectively. AFB1 and OTA daily exposure was shown to be 4.270 and 1.345 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. AFB1 was shown to be associated with 0.41 and 0.35 additional cancer cases per 100,000 persons per year for regular consumption, respectively; while for high consumption, an increase of 0.911 and 0.639 cancer cases per 100,000 person per year was noted, respectively. The margin of exposure (MOE) for OTA was >10,000 for the non-neoplastic effect and >200 for the neoplastic effect, representing no toxicological concerns for consumers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins in Thyme and Thyme-Based Products Marketed in Lebanon

Hassan

Koaik

Khoury

et al. 2022

Toxins

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In terms of rice consumption, the UAE and Lebanon reported 77 and 68.7 g per capita per day, respectively [ 19 , 20 ]. A precious study assessed the exposure to aflatoxin B1 from rice consumption in Lebanon [ 20 ]. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been conducted in Lebanon or the UAE to assess the safety of packed unprocessed rice in terms of OTA, or to determine the risk associated with its consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to Ochratoxin A from Rice Consumption in Lebanon and United Arab Emirates: A Comparative Study

Hassan

Ghaida

Charara

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Our study aims to evaluate the ochratoxin A (OTA) in rice marketed in Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and to determine the exposure to OTA from rice consumption. All brands available in the market were collected twice (total number of collected samples: 105 and 127 in Lebanon and the UAE, respectively). Using ELISA, the OTA in 56 (53%) samples in Lebanon and 73 (58%) samples in the UAE were above the limit of quantification (0.8 μg/kg). The average concentrations of the positive samples ± standard deviations were 1.29 ± 0.32 and 1.40 ± 0.42 μg/kg in Lebanon and the UAE, respectively. Only one sample (1%) in Lebanon had a level at the borderline of the European Union (EU) limit, and two samples (1.6%) in the UAE had a level above the EU limit (5 μg/kg). The OTA in brown rice was higher than in white and parboiled rice for both countries, yet the difference was not significant. The packing season, packing country, and country of origin did not have any significant effects. The presence of a food safety certification resulted in lower OTA in the rice, but the difference was significant (p = 0.04) in the UAE only. Long grains had higher OTA than short grains, yet the difference was only significant in Lebanon (p = 0.046). The exposures were calculated as 1.27 ng/kg body weight/day in Lebanon and 1.42 ng/kg body weight/day in the UAE, and no health risk was observed for both the neoplastic and non-neoplastic effects.

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“…The average consumption of rice in Lebanon (g/d) was acquired from a study published by Hassan et al (2022).…”

Section: Determination Of Exposure To Heavy Metals From Rice Consumpt...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to our calculations, UAE rice consumption in 2021/2022 MY was 315 g/capita/day. On the other hand, according to Hassan et al, (2022), the average rice consumption in Lebanon in 2021 was estimated to be 22.9 g/capita/day. Table 12 shows the exposure levels of the Lebanese and UAE populations to heavy metals from rice in comparison to international safe levels of exposure.…”

Section: Exposure Of the Lebanese And Uae Populations To Heavy Metals...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to Toxic Metals from the Consumption of Rice in Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates. (c2022)

Reda¹

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Our study aimed to quantify toxic metals (Arsenic, As, Cadmium, Cd, Chromium, Cr, Mercury, Hg and Lead, Pb) in rice, determine the factors affecting its contamination, and evaluate the dietary exposure from its consumption in Lebanon and UAE. A market screening was done and subsequently, all the brands (total of 236 samples, with 107 from Lebanon and 129 from UAE) were collected and tested. Inductively Coupled Plasma-mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used. In Lebanon, the average ± standard deviation in samples was 0.24±0.08, 0.29±0.13, 0.34±0.13, 0.15±0.05, and 0.27±0.10 mg/kg for As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb, respectively. In UAE, concentrations were 0.18±0.09, 0.07±0.04, 0.23±0.11, 0.17±0.05, and 0.24±0.08 mg/kg for As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb, respectively. In UAE, 9, 1, 100 and 69% of samples exceeded the international limits for As, Cd, Hg and Pb, respectively. In Lebanon, 25, 73, 100 and 69% of samples were above limits for As, Cd, Hg and Pb, respectively. No limits were set for Cr for comparison. In Lebanon, for As, brown rice was significantly more contaminated than white and parboiled rice (p=0.02), long rice grains were significantly more contaminated than short/medium grains (p=0.002), and rice brands originating from developed countries were significantly more contaminated compared to those from developing countries (p<0.001). In UAE, for As, packing season, country of origin, collecting same brands at two different times had significant effect (p= 0.011, 0.016, and <0.001, respectively). In Lebanon, for Cd, collecting same brands at two different times and grain size had significant effect (p<0.001). In UAE, for Cd, collecting same brands at two different times had a significant effect (p=0.008). Regarding Cr, in Lebanon, country of origin, grain size, rice type, and time between packing and purchasing had a significant effect (p=0.006, p<0.001, p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). In UAE, for Cr, the only statistically significant variable was collecting same brands at two different times (p<0.001). For Hg in Lebanon, grain size and type had a significant effect (p=0.019 and p=0.012, respectively), while collecting same brands at two different times had a significant (p<0.001) effect in both Lebanon and UAE. None of the variables had a significant effect on Pb in samples from Lebanon. For Pb in UAE, statistical significance was observed for collecting same brands at two different times and country of origin (p=0.004 and 0.001, respectively). Exposure levels to Hg from rice were higher than both FAO/WHO and European Food Safety Authority limits were detected in UAE. In Lebanon, exposure levels were not considered alarming for Cd, Cr and Hg, as the Lebanese rice consumption rate is relatively lower than in UAE, despite the high levels of contamination. No provisional tolerable limits are currently set for As and Pb; thus, the observed exposure to both metals could be a cause of concern in both countries. Future studies must assess the effects of handling and cooking to better assess exposure to toxic from rice exposure in both countries.

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Aflatoxin B1 in Rice: Effects of Storage Duration, Grain Type and Size, Production Site, and Season

Cited by 19 publications

References 39 publications

Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins in Thyme and Thyme-Based Products Marketed in Lebanon

Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins in Thyme and Thyme-Based Products Marketed in Lebanon

Exposure to Ochratoxin A from Rice Consumption in Lebanon and United Arab Emirates: A Comparative Study

Exposure to Toxic Metals from the Consumption of Rice in Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates. (c2022)

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