Aflatoxin B1: A Review on Biochemical Properties, Exposure, Mechanisms of Action and Chronic Diseases Caused by Aflatoxins

Abstract

It has been reported that AFB1 is related to renal adverse effects, specially with Uncertain cause chronic kidney disease. It is a phrase that has been employed to refer to CKD that is not caused by any well-known risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, or HIV. Across the world, reports of CKDu are becoming more frequent, and in several areas in Central America, eastern Europe, and south Asia, they are reaching epidemic levels. In the first epidemiological investigation, which was conducted in 2007 and sought to uncover potential risk factors of CKDu, it was claimed that the disease was caused by the environment (1). Environmental factors that have been researched as potential causes of CKDu include heavy metal exposure, high seasonal temperatures, pesticide use, mycotoxins, polluted water resources, and snake bites. In order to comprehend and avoid CKDu, it may be useful to highlight common risk factors across various international settings and populations as the underlying aetiologies in most locations have not been adequately defined. 30% and 21%, respectively, of ESRD patients have diabetes and hypertension; however, younger individuals in underdeveloped nations are more likely to have glomerulonephritis and CKD with an unknown aetiology. As a result, the goal of this research was to follow the theoretical research on AFB1 and its part in the aetiology of chronic renal disease, which is yet unknown.