Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> exposure and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Iranian carriers of viral hepatitis B and C

Habibi, Nasim Kouhi; Nassiri-Toosi, Mohsen; Sharafi, Heidar; Alavian, Seyed Moayed; Shams-Ghahfarokhi, Masoomeh; Razzaghi-Abyaneh, Mehdi

doi:10.1080/15569543.2018.1446027

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…HBV was the most important risk factor associated with HCC in this population, and there was an interaction between both aflatoxin biomarker levels and HBV, alcohol consumption and diabetes. Habibi et al (2018) measured AF-alb in 41 hepatitis-related HCC patients and 41 controls with HBV or HCV and reported higher mean levels of AF-alb in the cancer patients (3.87 pg/mL) than in the controls (2.63 pg/mL). However, they reported AF-alb as pg/mL serum and did not correct for albumin levels, which could be different for cases and controls.…”

Section: Primary Liver Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Habibi et al. () measured AF‐alb in 41 hepatitis‐related HCC patients and 41 controls with HBV or HCV and reported higher mean levels of AF‐alb in the cancer patients (3.87 pg/mL) than in the controls (2.63 pg/mL). However, they reported AF‐alb as pg/mL serum and did not correct for albumin levels, which could be different for cases and controls.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food

Schrenk¹,

Bignami²,

Bodin³

et al. 2020

EFS2

210

179

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EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of aflatoxins in food. The risk assessment was confined to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and AFM1. More than 200,000 analytical results on the occurrence of aflatoxins were used in the evaluation. Grains and grain‐based products made the largest contribution to the mean chronic dietary exposure to AFB1 in all age classes, while ‘liquid milk’ and ‘fermented milk products’ were the main contributors to the AFM1 mean exposure. Aflatoxins are genotoxic and AFB1 can cause hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in humans. The CONTAM Panel selected a benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL) for a benchmark response of 10% of 0.4 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day for the incidence of HCC in male rats following AFB1 exposure to be used in a margin of exposure (MOE) approach. The calculation of a BMDL from the human data was not appropriate; instead, the cancer potencies estimated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives in 2016 were used. For AFM1, a potency factor of 0.1 relative to AFB1 was used. For AFG1, AFB2 and AFG2, the in vivo data are not sufficient to derive potency factors and equal potency to AFB1 was assumed as in previous assessments. MOE values for AFB1 exposure ranged from 5,000 to 29 and for AFM1 from 100,000 to 508. The calculated MOEs are below 10,000 for AFB1 and also for AFM1 where some surveys, particularly for the younger age groups, have an MOE below 10,000. This raises a health concern. The estimated cancer risks in humans following exposure to AFB1 and AFM1 are in‐line with the conclusion drawn from the MOEs. The conclusions also apply to the combined exposure to all five aflatoxins.

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Section: Primary Liver Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food

Schrenk¹,

Bignami²,

Bodin³

et al. 2020

EFS2

210

179

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Especially in developing countries, hepatitis B is considered the main risk factor for HCC; however, dietary exposure to AFs also plays a significant role in HCC etiology [151]. A recent study on Iranian patients suffering from hepatitis B or C has demonstrated the potential involvement of AFB 1 exposure as a mean risk factor in the HCC etiology in these patients [152]. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection may induce cytochrome P450s, which is responsible for the metabolism of non-toxic AFB 1 to AFB 1 -8,9epoxide (AFBO) metabolite, with highly toxic and mutagenic effects [153].…”

Section: Toxicological Interactions Of Aflatoxins With Hepatitis B and C Virus In Relation To Carcinogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxins: History, Significant Milestones, Recent Data on Their Toxicity and Ways to Mitigation

Pickova

Ostrý

Toman

et al. 2021

Toxins

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In the early 1960s the discovery of aflatoxins began when a total of 100,000 turkey poults died by hitherto unknown turkey “X” disease in England. The disease was associated with Brazilian groundnut meal affected by Aspergillus flavus. The toxin was named Aspergillus flavus toxin—aflatoxin. From the point of view of agriculture, aflatoxins show the utmost importance. Until now, a total of 20 aflatoxins have been described, with B1, B2, G1, and G2 aflatoxins being the most significant. Contamination by aflatoxins is a global health problem. Aflatoxins pose acutely toxic, teratogenic, immunosuppressive, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects. Besides food insecurity and human health, aflatoxins affect humanity at different levels, such as social, economical, and political. Great emphasis is placed on aflatoxin mitigation using biocontrol methods. Thus, this review is focused on aflatoxins in terms of historical development, the principal milestones of aflatoxin research, and recent data on their toxicity and different ways of mitigation.

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“…The continents of Asia and Africa consistently produce the newest incidents, with 64,779 (7.7%) and 609,596 (72%) cases, accounting for over 80% of the total cases globally. AFB 1 alone was expected to induce 25,200-155,000 infections each year [70,71], of which almost 40% of cases were reported in Africa, whereby AF-induced liver cancers are responsible for one-third of all liver cancers [72]. China holds the world's highest rate of liver cancer at a country level, most of which were reported in the country's southern part, where dietary AF exposure and HB chronic diseases are prevalent [73][74][75][76][77].…”

Section: Chronic Aflatoxicosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxin Biosynthesis, Genetic Regulation, Toxicity, and Control Strategies: A Review

Khan

Ghazali

Mahyudin

et al. 2021

JoF

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Aflatoxins (AFs) are highly toxic and cancer-causing compounds, predominantly synthesized by the Aspergillus species. AFs biosynthesis is a lengthy process that requires as minimum as 30 genes grouped inside 75 kilobytes (kB) of gene clusters, which are regulated by specific transcription factors, including aflR, aflS, and some general transcription factors. This paper summarizes the status of research on characterizing structural and regulatory genes associated with AF production and their roles in aflatoxigenic fungi, particularly Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, and enhances the current understanding of AFs that adversely affect humans and animals with a great emphasis on toxicity and preventive methods.

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Aflatoxin B₁ exposure and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Iranian carriers of viral hepatitis B and C

Cited by 8 publications

References 23 publications

Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food

Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food

Aflatoxins: History, Significant Milestones, Recent Data on Their Toxicity and Ways to Mitigation

Aflatoxin Biosynthesis, Genetic Regulation, Toxicity, and Control Strategies: A Review

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Aflatoxin B1 exposure and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Iranian carriers of viral hepatitis B and C

Cited by 8 publications

References 23 publications

Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food

Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food

Aflatoxins: History, Significant Milestones, Recent Data on Their Toxicity and Ways to Mitigation

Aflatoxin Biosynthesis, Genetic Regulation, Toxicity, and Control Strategies: A Review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Aflatoxin B₁ exposure and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Iranian carriers of viral hepatitis B and C